provide a short summary of this article The cost effectiveness of occupational health and safety interventions: Preventing occupational back pain. Lahiri, S., Markkanen, P., & Levenstein, C. (2005). The cost effectiveness of occupational health interventions: Preventing occupational back pain. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 48(6), 515-529. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20193 The cost effectiveness of occupational health interventions: Preventing occupational back pain - Lahiri - 2005 - American Journal of Industrial Medicine - Wiley Online Library Occupational back pain exacts a toll on society with concomitant economic losses; it is imperative to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce the relevant ergonomic stressors at work. This study estimates and evaluates the average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (CERs) of specific interventions for the prevention of occupationally induced back pain for the World Health Organization (WHO) defined subregions of the world. Four back-pain interventions were selected from the literature: training (T), engineering controls (EC), engineering controls and training (EC&T), and a comprehensive full ergonomics program (EP) for evaluation. A simulation model for a 100-year time horizon, developed by the WHO CHOICE initiative project was used to estimate the effectiveness of the interventions in healthy year equivalents. The intervention costs were adjusted for all WHO subregions. The