PUBH 6033Week 10 Assignment 2 Identifying Risks and HazardsPart 2 (Rubric included) Instructions For this Assignment, review this week's Learning Resources. You will refer back to and use the SPSS output generated in this week's Assignment 1 for this assignment as well. This output is based on the asbestos.sav dataset that related to the incidence of lung cancer for those exposed to asbestos and those not exposed. Be sure to refer back to that output and then provide your response to all items in this worksheet. Submit this Application Assignment by Day 7. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: Scores are to be entered by instructor 1. From the SPSS output generated in this week's Assignment 1, copy only your odds ratio analysis (\"Risk Estimate\") portion of the output and paste, below: Answer: Risk Estimate 95% Confidence Interval Value Odds Ratio for asbestos Lower Upper 7.407 4.314 12.718 For cohort lungca = Yes 3.307 2.337 4.679 For cohort lungca = No .446 .349 .571 N of Valid Cases 280 (Yes / No) ____ / 10 points 2. The p-value associated with a chi-square test only suggests whether or not the results are statistically significant. Why is it important to also look at the odds ratio? Answer: ____ / 10 points 3. What does the odds ratio value in the SPSS output tell you, specifically, about lung cancer and exposure to asbestos? Answer: ____ / 10 points 4. Based on your answer above, would you say there is a strong association between asbestos exposure and lung cancer? Answer: 2014 Laureate Education, Inc. ____ / 10 points Page 1 of 3 5. From the SPSS output generated in this week's Assignment 1, copy only your \"asbestos * lung cancer Crosstabulation\" portion of the output and paste, below: Answer: asbestos * lungca Crosstabulation lungca Yes asbestos Yes Count Total Total 80 45 125 49.1 75.9 125.0 30 125 155 Expected Count 60.9 94.1 155.0 Count 110 170 280 110.0 170.0 280.0 Expected Count No No Count Expected Count ____ / 10 points 6. Using the formula provided in this week's Learning Resources, and the data in the crosstabulation output, calculate the odds ratio and show your work in your answer, below. Answer: ____ / 10 points Section below (scoring) is to be completed by Instructor 2014 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 2 of 3 Scoring Rubric for Week 10 Assignment 2 Identifying Risks and HazardsPart 2 (60 points) Timeliness Fully Met Partially Met/Good Partially Met/Fair Not Met Timeliness Indicators Posted by the deadline No impact Posted 1 day late Posted 2-4 days late Posted 5 or more days late 10% reduction in overall assignment score 20% reduction in overall assignment score 0 points Grade impact Initial Score (60 possible points): Timeliness Factor (late points deducted): Total Score (60 possible points): Instructor comments: 2014 Laureate Education, Inc. Page 3 of 3 2. Why it is important to look at the odds ratio It is important to look at the odds ratio because it represents the association between an outcome and an exposure. It shows the odds that a particular outcome may occur under a certain exposure in comparison to the occurrence of the same outcome when the exposure is absent. Therefore, studying the odds ratio in this case would enable us know the odds that patients would be infected with lung cancer when exposed to asbestos in comparison to the odds of being infected with lung cancer when they are not exposed to asbestos. 3. The odds ratio value in this case is 7.407. This means that patients who are exposed to asbestos are 7.407 times more likely to be infected with lung cancer than the patients who are not exposed to asbestos. Therefore, exposure to asbestos increases the chances of being infected with lung cancer by 7.407 times compared to when one is not exposed to asbestos. 4. Yes, there is a strong association between asbestos exposure and lung cancer. This is because the odds ratio represents that the patients with lung cancer were highly linked to exposure to asbestos, 7.407 times more than those who were not exposed to asbestos. Thus people exposed to asbestos have a higher likelihood being infected with lung cancer. 6. odds for asbestos yes = 80 45 = 1.7778 while odds for asbestos no = thus the odds ratio for exposure to asbestos = 1.7778 0.24 = 7.407407 30 125 = 0.24