Pursuant to a state statute, a student applied for tuition assistance to attend the Institute of Liberal Arts. He was qualified for such assistance in every way except that he was a resident alien who did not intend to become a United States citizen. The state's restriction of such grants to United States citizens or resident aliens seeking such citizenship is probably: Question 20 options: a) valid, because aliens are not per se "a discrete and insular minority" specially protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. b) valid, because the line drawn by the state for extending aid was reasonably related to a legitimate state interest. c) invalid, because the justifications for this restriction are insufficient to overcome the burden imposed on a state when it uses such an alienage classification. d) invalid, because the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV does not permit such an arbitrary classification