Q1. Callie wants to send the message M = 13 to Alice. Using Alices public and private keys, calculate the ciphertext C, and the value for R when Alice recovers the message. Use 11 and 3 as the initial prime numbers for p and q respectively to calculate Alices public and private keys.

Q2 A. Firewalls use Access Control Lists (ACL). Explain what is meant by an ACL and typical contents.

B. Explain what is meant by the term salt in relation to cryptography. You should discuss how it is used to make it more difficult to crack passwords.

Q3. A. Explain what is meant by a digital signature and describe how it is generated.

B. The permission associated with a program called Program1 and a dataset called Data1 are as follows: Program1: 755 Data1: 742 State the permissions given in bits to the owner, the group and the others.