Q1. What is Amdahl's law? Define speedup enhancement and fraction enhancement. [10] Q2. A common transformation required in graphics processors is square root. Implementations of [20] floating-point (FP) square root vary significantly in performance, especially among processors designed for graphics. Suppose FP square root (FPSQR) is responsible for 30% of the execution time of a critical graphics benchmark. One proposal is to enhance the FPSQR hardware and speed up this operation by a factor of 12 . The other alternative is just to try to make all FP instructions in the graphics processor run faster by a factor of 1.6; FP instructions are responsible for one third of the execution time for the application. The design team believes that they can make all FP instructions run 1.6 times faster with the same effort as required for the fast square root. Compare these two design alternatives by Amdahl's law. Which proposal is better and why? Q3. Assume a disk subsystem with the following components and MTTF: [25] 10 disks, each rated at 1,000,000-hour MTTF 1 ATA controller, 500,000 -hour MTTF 1 power supply, 200,000-hour MTTF 1 fan, 200,000-hour MTTF 1 ATA cable, 1,000,000-hour MTTF Assume that the failures are independent. We add one redundant power supply and one redundant fan to the system. By adding these two redundant components, the system becomes 8000 times more reliable. What is the improvement for the overall system