Q1.Contrast the views of Locke, Marx, Smith, Keynes, and Spencer on the nature and proper functions of government and on its relationship to business. Which views seem to you to provide the most adequate analysis of contemporary relations between business and government? Explain your answer in detail.

Q2.Read the following paragraph carefully and answer the question.

The terrible conditions under which workers particularly child workersof the nineteenth century had to labor inspired much of Marx's writing. Yet many of these conditions continue today. The International Labor Organization estimates that 218 million children work today. According to a 2010 report of Human Rights Watch, many U.S. farm companies have children working for them. Maria started working for a farm at age 11: You sweat. You walk until your feet hurt, you have blisters, and until you have cuts all over your hands. The ages [of fellow child workers] were always varied, 11 and 12 year olds, even10 year olds. The growers know that [children are there]. They see thatthey would pass by when they drop off water. No one was going to say anything. The pay [less than minimum wage] was terrible. You had to go really fast. You had to bend down for hours until your next break. There were people who got sick [from pesticides]. They never told us they were spraying [pesticides], they would just say "watering". One summer. They were spraying things we didn't know what they were. We heard it was chemicals. In developing countries, child workers are common. In Uzbekistan, about 2 million children are forced to work on cotton farms each year, particularly during harvest season. During cotton growing season, children weed the cotton plants and spray them with pesticides. One child said, "It's so hot in the fields and the chemicals burn your skin if they touch it." Although many U.S. companies have agreed not to use cotton from Uzbekistan, others have refused to boycott

cotton grown with forced child labor including Cargill and Fruit of the Loom. In the soccer ball industry, child labor continues to be used to stitch soccer balls together in spite of a 1997 industry agreement to end the use of child workers. A 2010 report of the International Labor Rights Forum indicates that child labor occurs in China and India where stitching is done in workers' homes and not in a factory. Geeta, a 12 year-old girl stitcher from Kamalpur in India said, "I have been stitching footballs for as long as I can remember. My hands are constantly in pain. It feels like they are burning." Children must work in a hunched position for 5 to 7 hours to make two soccer balls for 3-4 rupees per ball (a total of 7.5 to 10 cents). Nike, Adidas, and Puma are among the largest companies that buy soccer balls from Indian manufacturers.

Answer the following questions in detail.

i. How would Marx explain why there is so much child labor in the world today?

ii. What ethical obligations do Adkin Blue Ribbon Packing Company, Cargill, Fruit of the Loom, Nike, Adidas, and Puma have to deal with these issues? Why?