Question 1

1.5pts

Race is an example of which type of variable?

Group of answer choices

Dichotomous variable

Ordinal variable

Categorical variable

Continuous variable

Flag question: Question 2

Question 2

1.5pts

The best numerical summaries for dichotomous, ordinal, and categorical variables are relative frequencies.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 3

Question 3

1.5pts

A clinical trial is an observational study design.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 4

Question 4

1.5pts

Confounding is the major issue in clinical trials.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 5

Question 5

1.5pts

The population attributable risk is usually expressed as a percentage and ranges from 0% to 100%.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 6

Question 6

1.5pts

Confounding is usually a major issue in cohort studies.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 7

Question 7

1.5pts

Misclassification bias often occurs in case-control studies.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 8

Question 8

1.5pts

What is the ideal study design from a statistical point of view?

Group of answer choices

Clinical trial

Observational studies

A&B

None of the above

Flag question: Question 9

Question 9

1.5pts

The Cumulative incidence is computed as the number of persons who develop a disease during a specified period over the number of persons examined at baseline

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 10

Question 10

1.5pts

The term clinical means that the study involves people.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 11

Question 11

1.5pts

The following data were collected as part of a study of coffee consumption among graduate students. The following reflect cups per day consumed: 3, 4, 6, 8 ,2, 1, 0, and 2. The standard deviation is approximately 4.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 12

Question 12

1.5pts

The applicability of the research results to a specific population obtained from a biostatistics study is best determined by which of the following?

Group of answer choices

The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study

Whether or not the study was randomized

How the data obtained in the study is managed

The specifics of the study's treatment protocol

Flag question: Question 13

Question 13

1.5pts

An investigator reviewed the medical records of 200 children seen for care at Boston Medical Center in the past year who were between the ages 8 and 12 and identified 40 children with asthma. He also identified 40 children of the same ages who were free of asthma. Each child and their family were interviewed to assess whether there might be an association between certain environmental factors such as exposure to second-hand smoke. This study is an example of a:

Group of answer choices

Case-Control Study

Crossover Trial

Cohort Study

Randomized Control Trial

Flag question: Question 14

Question 14

1.5pts

Which type of study design can assess temporal relationship?

Group of answer choices

A clinical trial

A cohort study

A case control study

A cross over trial

Flag question: Question 15

Question 15

1.5pts

Five hundred people are enrolled in a 10-year cohort study. At the start of the study, 50 have diagnosed CVD. Over the course of the study, 40 people who were free of CVD at baseline develop CVD. The prevalence of CVD at 10 years is 10%

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 16

Question 16

1.5pts

A nested case-control study is a specific type of case-control study that is usually designed from a cohort study.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 17

Question 17

1.5pts

A subset of the population of interest is often referred to by what statistical term?

Group of answer choices

A sample of individuals

A subculture of individuals

A class of individuals

A minority group

Flag question: Question 18

Question 18

1.5pts

The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed:

57694122

According to the data they are no outliers.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 19

Question 19

1.5pts

In a study measuring the frequency of pain scores of patients on a scale from 1 to 10 for a specific type of pain relief therapy, the pain score variable would best be described as which type of variable?

Group of answer choices

Dichotomous variable

Ordinal variable

Categorical variable

Continuous variable

Flag question: Question 20

Question 20

1.5pts

The best measure of central tendency for systolic blood pressure readings obtained from a population of 7 individuals whose systolic blood pressure readings were 101, 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, and 160 is the mean.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 21

Question 21

1.5pts

An active-control trial is the best option for researchers hoping to test a newly devised therapy for a life-threatening illness among individuals with the illness, when a previously devised treatment is available for the illness.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 22

Question 22

1.5pts

In a study, some patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during follow-up), whereas others dropped out of the study. The following table displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group.

Number with Coronary Artery Disease

Total Follow-Up (years)

High Blood Pressure medication

16

3200

Placebo

28

2750

The incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving placebo is approximately:

Group of answer choices

5 per 1000 person-years

10 per 1000 person-years

16 per 1000 person-years

None of the above

Flag question: Question 23

Question 23

1.5pts

The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed:

57694122

According to the data the median is:

Group of answer choices

2

6

4.5

7

Flag question: Question 24

Question 24

1.5pts

Odds ratio can be used to approximate the relative risk when the disease under study is rare.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 25

Question 25

1.5pts

An investigator wants to assess whether hypertension is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Electronic medical records at a local hospital will be used to identify 100 patients with coronary heart disease. Fifty patients who are similar but free of coronary heart disease will also be selected. Each participant's medical record will be analyzed for smoking history. The type of study proposed is a Cohort Study.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 26

Question 26

1.5pts

Calculate the point prevalence for Alzheimer's disease among individuals 65 years of age or older in a county that has 200,000 individuals who are 65 years of age or older, if 22,223 individuals who are 65 years of age or older have the disease.

Group of answer choices

0.0111

0.1111

0.8889

0.9889

Flag question: Question 27

Question 27

1.5pts

Which study type is usually conducted at a point in time?

Group of answer choices

A clinical trial

A cohort study

A cross-sectional survey

A case control study

Flag question: Question 28

Question 28

1.5pts

The mean is the best measure of typical value (central tendency) when they are outliers present in the data.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 29

Question 29

1.5pts

In a study, some patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during follow-up), whereas others dropped out of the study. The following table displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group.

Number with Coronary Artery Disease

Total Follow-Up (years)

High Blood Pressure medication

16

3200

Placebo

28

2750

The incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new medication (High Blood Pressure medication) is approximately:

Group of answer choices

5 per 1000 person-years

8 per 1000 person-years

16 per 1000 person-years

None of the above

Flag question: Question 30

Question 30

1.5pts

Biostatistics is integral to the field of epidemiology, which is defined as study of health and illness in human populations, patterns of health or disease, and the factors that influence these patterns.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 31

Question 31

1.5pts

Two thousand are enrolled in a 20-year cohort study. At the start of the study, No one was diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Over the course of the study, 100 people who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline develop cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease at baseline is 0.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 32

Question 32

1.5pts

Risk difference may sometimes be referred to as excess risk.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 33

Question 33

1.5pts

The most appropriate study design depends, among other things, on the distribution of

Group of answer choices

The risk factor in the population of interest

The participants

The outcome in the population of interest

The risk factor in the population of interest &The outcome in the population of interest

Flag question: Question 34

Question 34

1.5pts

1,000 people are enrolled in a 10-year cohort study. At the start of the study, 100 have diagnosed CVD. Over the course of the study, 80 people who were free of CVD at baseline develop CVD. What is the cumulative incidence at 10 years?

Group of answer choices

0.089

0.10

0.50

1

Flag question: Question 35

Question 35

1.5pts

Incidence of disease is the proportion of individuals with the condition (disease) at a single point in time

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 36

Question 36

1.5pts

A design that is a very detailed report of the specific features of a particular participant or case is known as?

Group of answer choices

Quasi-experimental design

Case report

Per protocol design

Cross-sectional design

Flag question: Question 37

Question 37

1.5pts

Calculate the mean blood glucose level for a study measuring the blood glucose levels of 10 individuals whose blood glucose readings were as follows: 88, 97, 101, 104, 104, 107, 109, 117, 121, and 147.

Group of answer choices

104.0

105.5

109.5

117.0

Flag question: Question 38

Question 38

1.5pts

Two types of medical devices used for knee replacement are being studied to see if the type of knee replacement used affects the rate of infection for a specific bacterial infection. The infection rate for a specific bacterial infection after surgery for device A is 0.0043. The rate for the same bacterial infection is 0.0121 for device B. How does the risk of developing the bacterial infection in individuals using device B compare to the risk of developing the bacterial infection in individuals using device A?

Group of answer choices

Individuals using device A are 2.814 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device B.

Individuals using device B are 2.814 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device A.

Individuals using device A are 1.35 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device B.

Individual using device B are 1.35 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest that individuals using device B.

Flag question: Question 39

Question 39

1.5pts

The measure of uncertainty in a biostatistician's calculation of a particular outcome that may result from using a subset of the population to estimate the actual likelihood of the event occurring in the population as a whole is referred to by what statistical term?

Group of answer choices

A chance error

A systematic error

A standard error

A margin of error

Flag question: Question 40

Question 40

1.5pts

The median of a group of individuals' BMIs whose BMIs are 20.47, 21.92, 23.32, 23.41, 25.7, and 30.1 is approximately 24.15.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 41

Question 41

1.5pts

A fungal meningitis outbreak has been traced back to a particular compound pharmacy selling a specific injectable drug that is suspected to have been contaminated. In the past 4 weeks 15,051 patients were given the medication, and of those patients 72 individuals contracted fungal meningitis. What is the cumulative incidence for meningitis among those individuals who the medication was administered to?

Group of answer choices

0.0048

0.0478

0.1478

0.4783

Flag question: Question 42

Question 42

1.5pts

A study that is conducted at a single point in time is known as:

Group of answer choices

A clinical trial

A cross-sectional study

A randomized-controlled Trial

A cohort study

Flag question: Question 43

Question 43

1.5pts

Calculate the lower quartile of the data set for the blood glucose levels of 10 individuals whose blood glucose readings were as follows: 88, 97, 101, 104, 104, 107, 109, 117, 121, and 147.

Group of answer choices

88.0

101.0

104.0

109.5

Flag question: Question 44

Question 44

1.5pts

Among individuals who eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently the point prevalence of hypertension is 0.09. Individuals subject to poverty, making it more difficult for them to eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently, have a 0.31 point prevalence for hypertension. What is the risk difference between the two groups?

Group of answer choices

0.29

0.76

0.78

0.22

Flag question: Question 45

Question 45

1.5pts

Clinical trials are regulated in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 46

Question 46

1.5pts

Understanding biostatistical principles is critical to public health education.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 47

Question 47

1.5pts

The proportion of the sample with disease is computed by taking the ratio of the number with disease to the total sample size.

Group of answer choices

True

False

Flag question: Question 48

Question 48

1.5pts

Which of the following types of graphics would be most useful in demonstrating the frequency of a given outcome as it relates to an ordinal variable?

Group of answer choices

Box plot

Bar chart

Histogram

Pie chart

Flag question: Question 49

Question 49

1.5pts

The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed:

57694122

According to the data, which measure, is a better measure of dispersion?

Group of answer choices

Standard Deviation

Interquartile Range

Mode

Median

Flag question: Question 50

Question 50

1.5pts

Assume a new measure of Intelligence Quotient (or IQ) has been developed. The mean IQ for the population is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. The standard deviation indicates the average distance an individual data value is from the mean is about 15 IQ points.

Group of answer choices

True

False