Question 1

Dr. Vincent is conducting an experiment to determine the impact of outdoor recess on mood in school-age children. Participants are divided into three groups. One group has 30 minutes of outdoor play. One group has 30 minutes of indoor play. One group has no recess.

1. What is a hypothesis for Dr. Vincent's study. [2]
2. Identify Dr. Vincent's experimental design. Explain why this design is a best fit for this hypothesis. [3]
3. Suggest one strength of this experimental design as it is used for this study. [2]
4. Suggest one weakness of this experimental design as it is used for this study. [2]
5. Suggest one reason for including a "no recess" group. [2]
6. Explain if this study could be generalized to the larger population. [4]

Question 2

Anh and Mark are investigating the correlation between happiness and exercise in college-age students. Review the results of the study.

Minutes of Exercise	Average Happiness Score 1 (very unhappy) - 5 (very happy)
No daily exercise	4.2
30 minutes of daily exercise	4
45 minutes of daily exercise	2
60 minutes of daily exercise	1.5

1. If you were to were to use a scatter plot to graph the results, what would you label the x-axis and y-axis? [3]
2. Describe how the results might indicate a negative correlation between happiness and exercise. [3]
3. Describe two extraneous variables that might be impacting the results. [3]
4. Explain one strength and one weakness of using naturalistic observations to determine the happiness score in this study. Suggest one way to address the weakness of naturalistic observations. [3]
5. Explain one strength and one weakness of using controlled observations to determine the happiness score in this study. Suggest one way to address the weakness of controlled observations. [3

Question 3

Dr. Littman-Smith is designing a study to investigate the relationship between the amount of toddler screen time and the level of parent stress.

1. Describe the experimental design that would best fit this topic. Be sure to include the type of experiment used. [2]
2. Explain how you would ensure that the ethical guidelines, including those related to children, are met (informed consent, protection from harm, right to withdraw, deception, confidentiality, debriefing). [3]
3. Outline the type of observation that would best suit the needs of Dr. Littman-Smith. [3]
4. Describe one possible directional hypothesis for this experiment. [2]
5. Describe what qualitative and quantitative data Dr. Littman-Smith might collect for this experiment. [3]
6. Evaluate the generalizability of this experiment. [2]

Question 4

Freya is investigating the relationship between the quality of sleep individuals get and the season. She is comparing the quality of sleep in the summer months with the quality of sleep in the winter months.

1. Suggest how "quality of sleep" could be operationalized using a quantitative measure. [2]
2. Explain why measuring "quality of sleep" may be difficult. [3]
3. Suggest how Freya might attempt to standardize the procedure for the study. [2]
4. Define "extraneous variable" and identify two that might impact the results of the study. [4]
5. After collecting data for several weeks, Freya finds that all participants sleep better in the winter months regardless of their quality of sleep in the summer. Explain why Freya cannot conclude that people sleep better because it is winter. [4]