Question 1: Food security is one of China's most pressing challenges/priorities. What are the measures that China has taken to build food security in the post-reform era (from 1978), the successes, and the remaining challenges (about 400 words).

Question 2: Are trade barriers effective in meeting their objectives? Some examples to use may include:

China's trade barriers on Australian imports. You could differentiate/choose between:

• Widely-trade commodities (coal, copper, barley, cotton)
• Niche commodities (wine, lobsters)

Also, define the objectives of the barriers and the reason(s) why the objectives were or were not met. Only outline general principles, not detail. (make sure to write in 500 words)

Below sources are great to look at:

• Unappreciated hazards of the US-China Phase One deal | PIIE
• Market adjustments to import sanctions: lessons from Chinese restrictions on Australian trade, 2020-21

Question 3:

a. Draw a diagram to explain how the Gini coefficient is calculated

b. Use gini coefficients to compare income inequity levels and trends in China compared to other countries

Rural-urban inequalities 60,000 3.5 3.1 3.0 50,000 2.9 2.4 2.6 2.5 40,000 2.5 2.0 RMB/Person/Year 30,000 Ratio 1.8 1.5 20,000 1.0 10,000 0.5 0 0.0 1978 1994 1982 1990 1980 1984 1986 1988 1992 8 8 2014 2004 2006 2010 2018 2008 2016 2000 2012 2020 2022 200 Rural Urban U/R ratio Source: National Bureau of Statistics, ChinaRegional inequalities 50 40 Weaker budgets in the central and western provinces will constrain their ability to catch up with the east Widening GDP per capita, 2019 (dollars) 30 General government deficit, 2019 (% of GDP) gap Highest Income Highest deficit 20 More than $13,050 D . ............. More than 20% Mid-range Mid-range P $8,000-13,050 13-20% 10 Lowest Income $8,000 or less Lowest deficit 13%% or less O 200 2001 2002 006 200 2004 2005 2007 2008 200 2010 2011 2012 201 201 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Hellongjiang East West . . . . . . Central - Northeast GDP per capita vs Inner budget deficit Mongolia Xinjiang Beijing Liaoning Gansu High defidt/ Low deficit / middle income high income Ningxia Shanxi Ginghal Shandong, Yan and Mohd (2023) Trends and Causes of Regional Income Inequality in China - Wuhan Highest Shaanxi Henan Wangsu Tibet Shanghai GDP Sichuan Hubei per capita Lowest Jiangxi Hunan Zhejiang Guizhou Highest -> Lowest Fujian Budget deficit Beijing sees economic development as a Yunnan ong-term solution to ethnic separatism in Guangzhou western regions with large Tibetan and High deficit/ Low deficit Uighur populations. Hong Kong low income low income Haina But also depends on the place where people's income is counted Rising Regional Inequality in China: Fact or Artifact? - ScienceDirectChina in international context Gini Index around 2015 vs. Gini Index around 2000 Our World China's High Level of Income Inequality in Data Income Gini index Estimates are based on household survey data of either incomes or consumption. Countries are only shown where comparable surveys falling within three years of each reference year were available. 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Select countries South Africa South Africa Advanced industrial economies Costa Rica East Asia and Pacific 60 Eastern Europe and Central Asia China Latin America and Caribbean Zambia Middle East and North Africa Mexico South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Chile Mozambique 14B Bulgaria Brazil China 50 Honduras Dots sized by Turkey Costa Rica Mexico Population Benin .Paraguay U.S. Cameroon Nicaragua Ecuador Bolivia U.K. Djibouti Philippines . United States Madagascar Argentina Lithuania Indonesia Kenya Malaysia South Korea Gini Index around 2015 40 Ethiopia Morocco Iran Russia Japan Yemen Spain Thailand Vietnam Portugal Burkina Faso Australia Tajikistan Pakistan Guinea Canada Armenia Mauritania Germany, Egypt Austria Germany 30 Sweden Iceland Romania . Serbia Timor France Belarus Kazakhstan Iceland "Ukraine Norway Belgium 20 Slovakia 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Gini Index around 2000 Note: latest available data between 2016 and 2019 Source: Povcal (2018), The Chartbook of Economic Inequality (2017), Kanbur et al (2017) Table 1.B CC BY Sources: OECD, China's National Bureau of Statistics, Zeping Hongguan Caixin CHART TABLE SOURCES DOWNLOAD