Question 1:

The oil market is a large and active commodity market, but interesting production of oil is fairly concentrated in a few oil-producing countries. Different regions have different costs of producing and supplying oil. For example, some countries in the Middle East have large oil reserves, which are easily extracted via standard drilling. On the other hand countries such as the US and Canada extract oil from sands, a process that complex and must more difficult. The table below shows the capacity and production costs by region.

Oil is used in many critical functions globally (gasoline for transportation, heating oil, jet fuel, etc.) because it is so important to the global economy, we can assume that demand is very inelastic. That means that at any price of oil, in the short term, demand for oil is always the same.

Region

Production Costs ($/ barrel)

Capacity (millions of barrels per day)

Brazil

$81.10

3

Canadian oil sands

$94.40

7

China

$66.50

4

Kazahstan

$63.80

5

Mexico

$90.40

3

Norway

$67.80

2

Russia

$50.50

10

Saudi Arabia

$33.39

16

US (excluding shale)

$55.90

8

US shale

$86.50

7

Other OPEC members

$49.90

30

Other non OPEC members

$74.50

11

a. Construct a supply curve.

b. Pre COVID 19, demand for oil was constant in the short term at 90 million barrels a day. What would you predict the market equilibrium price for oil was based off of this demand and supply curve you constructed?

c. During COVID, travel decreased, factories closed, etc. and as a result oil demand fell to 80 million barrels a day. What is the new equilibrium price of oil?

d. By 2022, a number of new producers of oil will have come online then- see the table below of new producers. Construct a new supply curve based for 2023 (the current suppliers will still continue to produce at the price and rate as shown in the prior table).

New producing regions

Production costs ($/barrel)

Capacity (millions of barrels per day)

Colombia

$60.00

0.4

Other Non-OPEC (Africa)

$70.00

0.3

Iraq

$60.00

1.3

OPEC Natural Gas Liquids

$60.00

1.6

Other OPEC

$80.00

1

Natural Gas Liquids

$80.00

0.7

US Shale Oil

$70.00

1.5

Kazakhstan Onshore

$70.00

0.2

UAE

$70.00

0.5

Brazil Deepwater

$80.00

1.1

Canada Tar Sands

$90.00

1.2

US Offshore

$80.00

0.3

Kazakhstan Offshore

$80.00

0.2

Angola

$80.00

0.8

e. Post COVID, oil demand is expected to rise again and economists predict the new demand for oil in 2022 will be 96 million barrels per day. Based off of your new supply curve and this demand, what will be the equilibrium price of oil in 2022?