Question 2: Discuss5 police response/strategiesto organized crime.

COURSE material: Dr. Keiron McConnell, 2024

Articles to use:

1. When Is a "War" a "Wave?": Two Approaches for the Detection of Waves in Gang Homicides Martin Bouchard, Sadaf Hashimi Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Volume 59, Number 2, April/avril 2017, pp. 198-226 (Article) Published by University of Toronto Press

2. CyrilleJCFFijna_2016_7TheNormalizationOfUn_TheContainmentOfOrgan.

Control of Organized Crime Criminal Justice Agencies Target Organized Individual offenders or group of offenders Criminal Activities Crime . Revenue & Assets derived from criminal activities Consumers Suppression Underground markets SFU Crim 459 Dr. Keiron Mcconnell 2 Traditional Critics of Traditional Approaches HEL Approaches Incomes laghlation Failed to decrease Increated aality of police so conduct covert organized crime Increased level of Memores to seize the property poised through corruption MC . War on drug XC- - Offence Belated Property - Civil for kitame Inflation of the problem ambition of arbor - Full prohibition AUSTRALIA by police and governments . Australia public gatherings and wearing "Approveting lacing at senteringThe Approach-Traditional Non-Traditional Strategies . Undercover Operations Government Commissions . Foreign Policy and Aid * Detection/Interdiction . Controlled Deliveries . Tax Enforcement . Armed Forces . Intelligence . Search Warrants Currency suspicions activity . Citizen based actions * Investigations . Prosecution/Punishment . Proceeds of Crime . Civil remedies . Private Sector Operational Tactics . Urban Highway Interdiction . Government Regulatory Enforcement . Barwatch & Restaurant Watch Multi-Juristiction LCLA for establishments tied to Human Assets . Witness, Informants & Agents . CFSEU HA. . Fit and proper clause Surveillance 5 6 Is it attainable? Containment 9 as Total Victory & Organized Crime 7 8Detterence Does Prison Work? . Cost of incarceration? . Cost of Crime? . Do the math..... . Average addict $300 dollars per day 9 10 Hedonistic Responses Calculation Prohibition/Enforcement . Legislation Legalization/Regulation Human Assets . Chance of getting caught POLICE Chance of significant Supply Side Enforcement Surveillance punishment Detection/Interdiction . Undercover Operations Rewards Project Based Controlled Deliveries Intelligence Based Search Warrants Prosecution Proceeds of Crime Punishment Front Line Interdiction . Multi-Agency 11 12Prohibition/Enforcement BEAN CANNABIS CULTURE . Prohibit commodities AROUND SINCE Legal consequences 1990 CC * Possession Legalization/Regulation Trafficking Commodities that have been criminalized in the past are legalized and regulated. MANCINIVER SEED BANK 13 14 Prohibition vs. Legalization rguments in favour of drug legalization: Immoral to legalize such destructive vices Decrease the size of illegal markets Will lead to an increase in drug use and abus Would diminish OC control over manufacture and distribution of among young people [due to wider availability) drugs (decrease in violence, corruption, etc.) Increased use and addictions lead to more negative effects Taxes from the sale of legal drugs could be applied toward more on society socially productive ventures (e.g., health care] Does not guarantee that black markets will be eliminated; Drug enforcement resources could be shifted to other areas of will not eradicate oc crime control for to demand reduction and treatment] May force criminal organizations to engage in more Better regulation of drugs and drug use, leading to decreased predatory crimes to make up for lost income overdoses slow the spread of infectious diseases 15 16Detection/Interdiction POLICE POLICE Supply Side Enforcement 17 18 Project Based Intelligence Based . Criminal Intelligence . Information compiled, prevent or monitor criminal activity (US DOJ, 2003) Make sure you do what . Tactical Intelligence you're excited about." . Immediate investigative - Sara Loc Strategic Intell . 40000 view . Big picture . Predict/identify trends 19 20Prosecution OLICE wampared by faded strategist and Mega Trials . Susceptible to Charter arguments . Multiple Defendants . R. v Jordan Enforcement: A Critical Analysis The Theory and Practice of OC . Trial timeliness . fails to address root causes of problem les. Prosecution witnesses criminogenic risk factors or demand for illegal drugs) " Secure Court Rooms Ancant for loan insufficient emphasis on proactive, preventation Prosecution Safety approaches * Intimidated/Threatened * Witness Safety development in organized and 21 22 Critiques of OC Control In Canada The Theory and Practice of OC Enforcement: A Critical Analysis Initial reluctance to recognize the existence of Mafia in Canada cement is fractionalized; lack of co-operation, coordination, -sharing among criminal justice agencies Unavoidable Constraints that Limit Inadequate laws and legislation the Effectiveness of OC The Theory and Enforcement offenders, at the amperse of criminal organizations CANADIAN Practice of OC * Absence of a long-term, comprehensive, strategic national plan Insufficient resources Constitutional constrainits . RCMP members transferred to national security duties [Charter of Rights & Freedoma] CHARTER OF RIGHTS Enforcement: A Limited & of Crown prosecutors has led to serious AND FREEDOMS Critical Analysis charges being stayed Insufficient use of regulatory civil, and administrative sanctions * Jurisdictional limitations * Resource constraints 23 24Punishment CE Legislation . Megatrials . Low Success rates . Sentencing Enhancements Cancurrent/ Consecutive . Aggravating . Not consecutive . Undercover Operators - Criminal Org Charge . Hard to prove . Break the law * Expensive Surveillance Changes . Concurrent . Devices etc . Incarceration . Organized Crime . Jail housing Issues . Cross polination . Org Crime Charges 25 26 Human Assets Surveillance . Witnesses . Joe & Jill Taxpayers . Cooperator of Justice Physical Surveillance . Involved in crimes . Police follow target Pleads guilty . Special Jail . Electronic Surveillance . Cameras/Trackers Informants . Provides information to police . Part VI (Wiretap] Does not testify . Listening devices . Cannot be directed Anywhere (intrusive test) Agents . Emergency Authority . Testify . Directed 27 28Controlled Police Undercover Operations Deliveries Sting operations Police deliver the illegal . Short or long term commodity . UC Handler May not result in arrest Reverse Sting Operations . Police act as criminals . Mr. Big Expensive Dangerous Emotional Tell . Many officers damaged from roles 29 30 Search Proceeds of Crime Warrants . Warrant to afford/secure evidence DIRTY MONEY . Tracking Warrant Production Order 100 Wiretaps 31 32Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP (cont.) "Federal Policing targets the most serious criminal threats to Immigration, passport, and citizenship enforcement: Investigates immigration and Canadians, including national security, transnational and serious passport offenses organized crime, and cybercrime" [RCMP, 2020d: 8) Financial crime enforcement Investigates proceeds of crime and other financial Border integrity: Enforces customs and immigration laws within crime offerses Canada and along the unofficial border entry points Cybercrime enforcement: Targets "cyber-enabled criminal activity and foreign Interference" carried out by "transnational and serious organized crime" Commercial crime: Investigates fraud, theft, breach of trust, secret Criminal Intelligence directorsce Centralizes and coordinates the RCMP's criminal Intelligence function commissions, fed. government fraud, corruption, computer and elecommunications crimes, securities fraud, and counterfeiting Technical services Provides technical and human resources for electronic and physical [including aerial surveillance Drug enforcement: Emphasis on large-scale organized drug manufacturing, import, export, and trafficking International openedand: Provides direction and assistance to Canadian law enforcement agencies to detect and prevent international offense Canada; includes RCMP Liaison Officers posted in other countries at may affect 33 34 Financial Transactions and Reports Canada Border Services Agency Analysis Centre of Canada "Financial Intelligence Unit" - Central repository for information about (potential] money Main OC enforcement: Detect and Interdict prohibited and restricted goods at official ports of entry laundering and terrorist financing Receives and analyzes cash and suspicious transaction reports Key enforcement functions: . examinations s and disseminates intelligence info to law enforcement and " risk assessments and targeting national security agencies . intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination . security screenings [of individuals) Monitors the compliance of private sector entities and professionals with transaction reporting laws " Investigations CASA does not have the powers to lay criminal charges . Potential criminal cases are referred to the RCMP Canada 35 36each unit has a leader . COs make sure you don't leave . viotonce was expected , but loss of freedom and parents reaction felt worse . brotherhood dissolved when he got imprisoned . No real loyalty- felt mentally low . loss of freedom. Lonliness. wanted to changed, Didn't know how. Family Support helped him. Stayed away from them so they parents gave him another chance. Other's did not have the same opportunity and support syst difficult to find jobs . hard to relearn how to live life. loss touch with normal life. gained confidence, went back into Uni. took a class with Prof at KPU. Work together now. - got a pardon for his criminal record .- 16 , saw friends death - 17- 18 graduated his, got into KPU. went off meds again. In HS had more chances to get w - big change in 1it ser . Started to party . Saw others struggle but trey did not ignore them . e Stopped going to Uni, failed classes. Mental block, self- esteemed . Dropped at. " Not smart When back to cops to ask for advise . Military . - police force . restored confidence from training . Last test was med application . Medical history . Did - not fit to serve . Letter broke him . loss of hope , T risk , Loss and directionless = T risk . Having unrealistic long term got into drug trade ( OC ). recruited by chance. - fund a job where OC members hung out , restaurant . - bored , watched lounge . Saw people with lots of cash , others feared them . Thought f - wanted that life . Through bus boy got to know the guys . Took an interest in him . Recruiting Vs Grooming? grooming life style glamourization - didn't share the safety risks . - belonging ( sense of safety) , cash only . brother hood . Membership gave identity . - identity ( the self ). first task home invasion. Gun / mask cut down grow up. Put him in most risk . Didn't get more time with them . Wanted money and respect. dial - a - dope , started here . deliver " had to work shifts for free . Want you in debt b/ c can control you . How Dial - a - Droping works - historical conflicts with bosses , but they have higher levels of security . Smaller guys have more vist . conflicts in drug trade puts public in risk - see addiction , see peoples ' downfall . See have addict also have children . responsible for their death / addiction. made money from drug trafficing , but got on bar watch . - insecure , with gang colours peopleknew his identity . But arrested and charged . Got - had fireann , 1 yr , in prison More violence , specific social structure . - witness violence in prison . Happens more to youths.. ADHD - On meds , behaviour went " , when off behaviour went T. ( more risky ) . thrill seeking behavior , find friends with risky behaviors in Its. ex ; weapons , drugs. - started to commit petty crimes . parents started to judge , street hockey , saw him in the P car . good " friends parents said not to hang out with him . tured their backs . No more go - got misplaced sense of loyalty from bad " friends . - disobedience and thrill seeking to criminal behavior. - transition from Ele to HS , diff be rapid change = vul able dug use and selling . - weed = coping , when high don't need to think . a way to deal with problem . - behaviors came with a need . - peer pressure , friends tell you to do more risky things . - T violent behavior - group think mentality T group mentality takes hold saw guys with money . Dealing = good life . - enemies with kids at other schools . Came to their school dance . Fighting . - to much peer pressure to say no to fight , tough mentality , even when scar - 100 + students came to watch fight , the guys leave in car but go down one - Car drove towards the car, fight 2 friends. one friend get struck unde - driver charged - people had told him that this was going to happen . ( friends passing - wake - up call. your choices offect others, friends parents. Consec - angry kid but did not want to hurt family . - bettered his relationship with parents. - Started to talk advantage of school started to try. - the move he fixed himself , the better his relations got with family and so - had to have a relationship with cops at school . Had to do it to go back to sch - gave opportunities to go to RCMP youth academy . - found good people there , self - acceptence. Do better when urand people that do better