QUESTION 6

Some scholars hypothesize that with better institutions, poor countries would have experienced more rapid growth in GDP per capita. What are some challenges in estimating the causal relationship between institutions and economic growth?

A.There are no readily available datasets that collect measures of economic growth across countries.

B.The challenge in estimating this relationship comes from the fact that colonizers randomized the institutions that countries received.

C.Countries select their institutions over the course of history. A favorable culture, for example one that rewards hard work, may establish ``good" institutions that protect property rights.

D.All of the above

QUESTION 17

Which facts presented by Marx, Stoker, and Suri (2013) best characterize slums as reflecting spatial poverty traps?

A.Many slum dwellers live in extremely crowded conditions, and overcrowding leads to worse public health outcomes.

B.Slum dwellers have poor access to public goods like clean water and solid waste disposal infrastructure, and this increases the spread of disease.

C.In many countries, slums have been growing for decades, and millions find themselves trapped in slums for generations.

D.All of the above.

QUESTION 21

The evidence presented by Harari and Wong (2018) on slum upgrading in Jakarta suggests which of the following:

A.Jakarta's slum upgrading projects were underfunded and ultimately had no effect on housing quality or other outcomes.

B.Jakarta's slum upgrading projects preserved informal neighborhoods, leading to fragemented parcels and acting as a hinderance to future formal development.

C.In the long run, slum upgrading in Jakarta increased land values, improved building in quality, and led to the construction of taller buildings.

D.All of the above.

E.None of the above.