Question (7 marks)

What is HKs weighted average cost of capital (WACC), assuming its cost of common equity will be determined using the CAPM and it will issue new common shares? Round market values to the nearest thousand. (Treat the yield on debt as an annual rate for this purpose.)

Background

Heavy Keele Ltd. (HK) has a long-standing reputation as a manufacturer of quality sailboats. HK currently produces two different models of sailboat from a single production facility the HK41 and the HK49. The past several years have seen a 25% decline in demand for HKs sailboats and a significant increase in interest within the boating community for motor vessels. Given this shift in attitudes, HK is now considering a proposal to introduce a motor vessel into its product line the HKMV55.

If the proposal is accepted, senior management has decided to restructure the firm into two separate divisions for operational purposes the Sailboat division and the Motor Vessel division. Under the proposal, all current personnel will remain with the Sailboat division and the senior management team will remain unchanged. For accounting purposes, however, the $2 million annual cost of the senior management team will be allocated equally between the two divisions. HK will then seek an entire new management team to oversee the Motor Vessel division. Management has also decided that the new division should operate out of its own production facility. It can be built on the block of land adjacent to the current facility that HK already owns.

Senior management has decided that the appropriate planning horizon for the proposed new Motor Vessel division is 10 years. You work in the controllers office of HK and have been asked to perform a series of analyses on this proposal. To facilitate your analysis, you have been provided with the Motor Vessel divisions projected income statements over the next 10 years, as well as the following information.

Capital expenditures

The block of land on which the new production facility will be built was purchased by HK three years ago at a cost of $2.5 million. It has a current market value of $3 million, and it is expected that the value of the land will remain at $3 million when the project is complete.

Management expects that the production facility will cost $10 million to build. It has an estimated useful life of 20 years and will be depreciated on a straight-line basis to an estimated salvage value of $1 million for accounting purposes. It belongs to an asset class with a CCA rate of 7.5%. At the end of the 10-year planning horizon, the facility will have an estimated market value of $3 million. The building qualifies for the Accelerated Investment Incentive, and 1.5 times the CCA can be taken in the year of acquisition. At the end of the planning horizon, assume that there is still a positive balance remaining in the class after the deduction of the proceeds.

The new equipment required for the production of the HKMV55 will cost $7 million and has an estimated useful life of 10 years. For accounting purposes, this equipment will also be depreciated on a straight-line basis. It belongs to an asset class with a CCA rate of 10% and has an estimated salvage value of $500,000 at the end of its useful life. The equipment qualifies for the Accelerated Investment Incentive, and 1.5 times the CCA can be taken in the year of acquisition. At the end of the planning horizon, assume that there is still a positive balance remaining in the class after the deduction of the proceeds.

The new Motor Vessel division requires an initial investment in net working capital of $750,000.

Operating revenues and expenses, and working capital accounts

Data from the divisional pro forma operating income statements (see Appendix):

Gross revenues are projected to be $12.5 million in the first three years of operation and $18 million from Year 4 onward.

Cost of goods sold (COGS) is expected to be 56% of sales in the first three years and then decline to 50% of sales from Year 4 onward.

The general and administrative costs are expected to be constant at $2.95 million per year over the 10-year planning horizon. Administrative costs include the allocation of senior management costs; the remainder of these costs relate directly to the new Motor Vessel division and are paid in cash when due.

HK requires its customers to make a 15% deposit at the time of order and pay the balance at the time of delivery. The average lag between the time of order and delivery is two months. Sales occur uniformly throughout the year.

HK has a policy of keeping a cash balance throughout the year equal to 2.5% of expected sales for the year, and an inventory balance throughout the year equal to 25% of expected COGS for the year. The cash balance is essentially funded by the required customer deposits and is invested in marketable securities at an average rate of 0.5%.

HKs suppliers currently offer terms of 1/10, net 60 on all purchases.

Capital structure

HKs capital structure consists of a single long-term debt issue with a face value of $20 million and 2 million common shares with a current market price of $15 per share.

The long-term debt issue carries a coupon rate of 5% with interest paid semi-annually. It has eight years remaining until maturity and a current market yield of 6%, also based on semi-annual compounding.

The common shares have a beta of 1.15. HK paid a dividend of $0.95 per share in its most recently completed financial year. Analysts believe these dividends will grow at an average annual rate of 3% for the foreseeable future. The current risk-free interest rate is 2.5%, and the market price of risk is 6%.

Recent discussions with HKs investment banker have indicated that flotation costs would be 7% before tax on any new issue of common shares and 4% after tax on any new issue of long-term debt.

General corporate information

HKs corporate tax rate is 32%.

Senior management has determined that 12% is the appropriate discount rate to use in evaluating the proposal to expand its operations to motor vessels.

Appendix

Motor Vessel division, Heavy Keele Ltd.

Pro forma operating income statements

	Years 1 to 3	Years 4 to 10
Sales revenue	$12,500,000	$18,000,000
Cost of goods sold	(7,000,000)	(9,000,000)
Gross profit	5,500,000	9,000,000
General and administrative expenses	(2,950,000)	(2,950,000)
Depreciation	(1,100,000)	(1,100,000)
Operating income	$1,450,000	$4,950,000

Required rate of return R = RRF + E(1) + RP where RRF = real risk-free rate of return E(1) = expected rate of inflation RP = risk premium specific to the investment (or firm) Expected return Expected return = Expected dividend + Expected capital gain Initial purchase price Price of debt P = PV of interest payments + PV of principal repayment Price of preferred shares De Po where Dp = annual stated dividend per share rp = required rate of return on preferred shares Price of common shares Constant-growth dividend discount model: D Po e where Po = current share ice D1 = dividend to be received in year 1, equal to Do (1 + g) re = required rate of return on common equity g = constant rate of growth expected in dividends Dividend discount model (DDM) D D, D P. Po + + 1 + (1+r)" (1+1) where Po = current share price Pn=share price at the end of year n Dt = dividend in yeart, t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, re = required rate of return on common equity Security market line (SML) re = rf + Bp [E(rm) ri] whe re = required rate of return on a given portfolio or individual asset Pr = risk-free rate of return (typically T-bills or government bond rates) Bp = beta of a given portfolio or individual asset [E(rm) ri] = MRP, or the incremental return of the market portfolio over the risk-free asset WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC) WACC = ka * Wdebt + kp * Wpreferred + ke * Wcommon where ka = cost of debt including flotation costs and interest deductibility kp = cost of preferred shares including flotation costs ke = cost of common shares including flotation costs Wdebt = proportion (weight) of debt Wpreferred = proportion (weight) of preferred shares Wcommon = proportion (weight) of common shares Cost of debt Y(1-t) ka = (1-1) where Y = yield to maturity (YTM) T = firm's marginal tax rate f = % after-tax issue (flotation) costs Cost of preferred shares Dp NP. kp where Dp = stated dividend on the preferred shares NPp = net proceeds per share after issue (flotation) costs Cost of common shares Using the dividend discount model (DDM): D ke + INPE where D1 = dividend to be received in the next year NPe = net proceeds per share after issue (flotation) costs g = expected future growth rate of thee dividends Using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM): [ic + Bee (E('m)-(p)) (1-f) where If = risk-free rate of return (rm -rf) = incremental return of the market portfolio over the risk-free asset B = beta of the firm's common shares f = % after-tax issue (flotation) costs Degree of operating leverage (DOL) DOL = Contribution margin / Operating income (or EBIT) Degree of financial leverage (DFL) DFL = EBITI (EBIT -1) where EBIT = earnings before interest and taxes (operating income) | = interest expense Degree of total leverage (DTL) DTL = DOL ~ DFL Required rate of return R = RRF + E(1) + RP where RRF = real risk-free rate of return E(1) = expected rate of inflation RP = risk premium specific to the investment (or firm) Expected return Expected return = Expected dividend + Expected capital gain Initial purchase price Price of debt P = PV of interest payments + PV of principal repayment Price of preferred shares De Po where Dp = annual stated dividend per share rp = required rate of return on preferred shares Price of common shares Constant-growth dividend discount model: D Po e where Po = current share ice D1 = dividend to be received in year 1, equal to Do (1 + g) re = required rate of return on common equity g = constant rate of growth expected in dividends Dividend discount model (DDM) D D, D P. Po + + 1 + (1+r)" (1+1) where Po = current share price Pn=share price at the end of year n Dt = dividend in yeart, t = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, re = required rate of return on common equity Security market line (SML) re = rf + Bp [E(rm) ri] whe re = required rate of return on a given portfolio or individual asset Pr = risk-free rate of return (typically T-bills or government bond rates) Bp = beta of a given portfolio or individual asset [E(rm) ri] = MRP, or the incremental return of the market portfolio over the risk-free asset WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL (WACC) WACC = ka * Wdebt + kp * Wpreferred + ke * Wcommon where ka = cost of debt including flotation costs and interest deductibility kp = cost of preferred shares including flotation costs ke = cost of common shares including flotation costs Wdebt = proportion (weight) of debt Wpreferred = proportion (weight) of preferred shares Wcommon = proportion (weight) of common shares Cost of debt Y(1-t) ka = (1-1) where Y = yield to maturity (YTM) T = firm's marginal tax rate f = % after-tax issue (flotation) costs Cost of preferred shares Dp NP. kp where Dp = stated dividend on the preferred shares NPp = net proceeds per share after issue (flotation) costs Cost of common shares Using the dividend discount model (DDM): D ke + INPE where D1 = dividend to be received in the next year NPe = net proceeds per share after issue (flotation) costs g = expected future growth rate of thee dividends Using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM): [ic + Bee (E('m)-(p)) (1-f) where If = risk-free rate of return (rm -rf) = incremental return of the market portfolio over the risk-free asset B = beta of the firm's common shares f = % after-tax issue (flotation) costs Degree of operating leverage (DOL) DOL = Contribution margin / Operating income (or EBIT) Degree of financial leverage (DFL) DFL = EBITI (EBIT -1) where EBIT = earnings before interest and taxes (operating income) | = interest expense Degree of total leverage (DTL) DTL = DOL ~ DFL