Questions 1-3 are based on the following description: A study at a Medical School investigated treatments for chronic cocaine abusers who wanted to quit. It was thought that males and females might respond differently to treatment. There were 72 male and 30 female subjects. Males were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: desipramine, lithium, or a pill with only inert ingredients. Each woman was also assigned randomly to one of these three treatments. Neither the subjects nor their physicians knew which treatment they were receiving. After six weeks, the subjects verbally reported their cocaine use status (degree of use during the six week period). Results were reported separately for males and females. An example of an ethics violation would be O a. not using informed consent b. gaining permission for the study from the Medical Institutional Review Board O c. reporting summary results in a journal article O d. not allowing an individual's results to lie open in public view