Questions 28-30 refer to the following situation: A research article reports the results of a new drug test. The drug is to be used to decrease vision loss in people with Macular Degeneration. The article gives a p-value of 0.04 in the analysis section. Indicate whether each of the following interpretations of the p-value is valid or invalid.

28) Assuming the drug is actually not effective, the p-value is the probability of getting results at least as extreme as the ones in this study.

A. Valid

B. Invalid

29) The p-value is the probability that the drug is not effective.

A. Valid

B. Invalid

30) The-p-value is the probability that the drug is effective.

A. Valid

B. Invalid

Questions 31-33 refer to the following situation: A high school statistics class wants to estimate the average number of chocolate chips per cookie in a generic brand of chocolate chip cookies. They collect a random sample of cookies, count the number of chips in each cookie, and calculate a 95% confidence interval for the average number of chips per cookie to be (18.6, 21.3). Indicate whether each of the following interpretations of the confidence interval is valid or invalid.

31) We are 95% confident that each cookie for this brand has approximately 18.6 to 21.3 chocolate chips.

A. Valid

B. Invalid

32) We are 95% confident that the average number of chocolate chips per cookie for all cookies of this brand is between 18.6 and 21.3 chips per cookie.

A. Valid

B. Invalid

33) We expect 95% of the cookies to have between 18.6 and 21.3 chocolate chips.

A. Valid

B. Invalid