R Questions

3. Recent population trends have shown that large cities in the United States are increasing in

population. We want to test if this is true of the largest 40 cities (actual city, not

metropolitan area) in the United States between the years 2000 and 2010. Using the file below:

a. Find the difference in population between 2010 and 2000. Make a histogram of the

differences and use abline() to add a vertical line representing the average difference.

b. Name the parametric test we should use to answer the question. List the null and

alternative hypotheses in words (related to the question at hand) and in symbols (if

applicable).

c. Run the appropriate built in parametric test in R at the 95% confidence level. Paste the

results in your answer sheet. Based on the results, do you reject or fail to reject the null

hypothesis? State your reasons why.

d. We are worried that the data may not fit the assumptions to use a parametric test.

Name the nonparametric test we should use and list the null and alternative hypotheses

in words (related to the question at hand) and in symbols (if applicable).

e. Run the appropriate built in nonparametric test in R at the 95% confidence level. Paste the results in your answer sheet. Based on the results, do you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? State your reasons why.

pop2010 pop2000

New York, N.Y. 8175133 8008278

Los Angeles, Calif. 3792621 3694820

Chicago, Ill. 2695598 2896016

Houston, Tex. 2100263 1953631

Philadelphia, Pa. 1526006 1517550

Phoenix, Ariz. 1445632 1321045

San Antonio, Tex. 1327407 1144646

San Diego, Calif. 1307402 1223400

Dallas, Tex. 1197816 1188580

San Jose, Calif. 945942 894943

Jacksonville, Fla. 821784 735617

Indianapolis, Ind. 820445 781870

San Francisco, Calif. 805235 776733

Austin, Tex. 790390 656562

Columbus, Ohio 787033 711470

Fort Worth, Tex. 741206 534694

Charlotte, N.C. 731424 540828

Detroit, Mich. 713777 951270

El Paso, Tex. 649121 563662

Memphis, Tenn. 646889 650100

Baltimore, Md. 620961 651154

Boston, Mass. 617594 589141

Seattle, Wash. 608660 563374

Washington, DC 601723 572059

Denver, Colo. 600158 554636

Milwaukee, Wis. 594833 596974

Portland, Ore. 583776 529121

Las Vegas, Nev. 583756 478434

Oklahoma City, Okla. 579999 506132

Albuquerque, N.M. 545852 448607

Tucson, Ariz. 520116 486699

Fresno, Calif. 494665 427652

Sacramento, Calif. 466488 407018

Long Beach, Calif. 462257 461522

Kansas City, Mo. 459787 441545

Mesa, Ariz. 439041 396375

Virginia Beach, Va. 437994 425257

Atlanta, Ga. 420003 416474

Colorado Springs, Colo. 416427 360890

Omaha, Nebr. 408958 390007