RACE OF RESPONDENT Cumulative Frequency Valid Valid Percent Percent WHITE 1477 74.8 74.8 74.8 BLACK 301 15.2 15.2 90.1 OTHER 196 9.9 9.9 100.0 1974 100.0 100.0 Total Statistics AGE OF RESPONDENT N Percent Valid Missing 1969 5 Mean 48.19 Median 47.00 30a Mode Std. Deviation 17.687 a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown AGE OF RESPONDENT Cumulative Frequency Valid Percent Valid Percent Percent 18 12 .6 .6 .6 19 20 1.0 1.0 1.6 20 19 1.0 1.0 2.6 21 31 1.6 1.6 4.2 22 31 1.6 1.6 5.7 23 30 1.5 1.5 7.3 24 27 1.4 1.4 8.6 25 31 1.6 1.6 10.2 26 29 1.5 1.5 11.7 27 32 1.6 1.6 13.3 28 41 2.1 2.1 15.4 29 28 1.4 1.4 16.8 30 47 2.4 2.4 19.2 31 35 1.8 1.8 21.0 32 47 2.4 2.4 23.4 33 39 2.0 2.0 25.3 34 34 1.7 1.7 27.1 35 35 1.8 1.8 28.8 36 33 1.7 1.7 30.5 37 40 2.0 2.0 32.6 38 37 1.9 1.9 34.4 39 42 2.1 2.1 36.6 40 30 1.5 1.5 38.1 41 40 2.0 2.0 40.1 42 43 2.2 2.2 42.3 43 29 1.5 1.5 43.8 44 29 1.5 1.5 45.3 45 35 1.8 1.8 47.0 46 34 1.7 1.7 48.8 47 36 1.8 1.8 50.6 48 38 1.9 1.9 52.5 49 43 2.2 2.2 54.7 50 32 1.6 1.6 56.3 51 40 2.0 2.0 58.4 52 37 1.9 1.9 60.2 53 32 1.6 1.6 61.9 54 33 1.7 1.7 63.5 55 47 2.4 2.4 65.9 56 29 1.5 1.5 67.4 57 31 1.6 1.6 69.0 58 25 1.3 1.3 70.2 59 31 1.6 1.6 71.8 60 27 1.4 1.4 73.2 61 37 1.9 1.9 75.1 62 31 1.6 1.6 76.6 63 35 1.8 1.8 78.4 64 31 1.6 1.6 80.0 65 38 1.9 1.9 81.9 66 19 1.0 1.0 82.9 67 23 1.2 1.2 84.1 68 24 1.2 1.2 85.3 69 20 1.0 1.0 86.3 70 17 .9 .9 87.2 71 29 1.5 1.5 88.6 72 15 .8 .8 89.4 73 20 1.0 1.0 90.4 74 17 .9 .9 91.3 75 16 .8 .8 92.1 76 17 .9 .9 92.9 77 15 .8 .8 93.7 78 15 .8 .8 94.5 79 11 .6 .6 95.0 80 10 .5 .5 95.5 81 12 .6 .6 96.1 82 10 .5 .5 96.6 83 6 .3 .3 97.0 84 13 .7 .7 97.6 85 5 .3 .3 97.9 86 10 .5 .5 98.4 87 10 .5 .5 98.9 88 7 .4 .4 99.2 15 .8 .8 100.0 1969 99.7 100.0 5 .3 1974 100.0 89 OR OLDER Total Missing Total NA Case Processing Summary Cases Valid Missing Total N RACE OF RESPONDENT * 1969 Percent N 99.7% Percent 5 0.3% N Percent 1974 100.0% AGE OF RESPONDENT WHO SHOULD PROVIDE HELP FOR ELDERLY * RACE OF RESPONDENT Crosstabulation RACE OF RESPONDENT WHITE WHO SHOULD PROVIDE Family members HELP FOR ELDERLY Count % within RACE OF BLACK Total OTHER 595 91 77 763 68.9% 49.5% 71.3% 66.0% 117 55 19 191 13.5% 29.9% 17.6% 16.5% 73 16 6 95 8.4% 8.7% 5.6% 8.2% 79 22 6 107 9.1% 12.0% 5.6% 9.3% 864 184 108 1156 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% RESPONDENT Government agencies Count % within RACE OF RESPONDENT Non-profit organizations (e.g., Count charitable organizations, % within RACE OF churches/religious RESPONDENT organizations) Private providers of this kind Count of help % within RACE OF RESPONDENT Total Count % within RACE OF RESPONDENT 1. What test of significance did the researchers use? This can usually be found in a discussions section or reviewed in the methods section of a research article. 2. What were their findings? These will be reviewed with detail in the discussion and findings sections. 3. What was their research question and what were their findings with regards to their statistics? Based on the research that I able to locate although not necessarily quanitative, I was able to find peer reviewed articles that explored famly care for elferly dependents. The article discuesses 3 approaches to increasing family care for the elderly through filial support, legislation and incentives for caregivers. Results from results from a survery woth respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that encourage relatives to provide care may have unfavorable consequences for the elderly and their families. The International Institute on Aging estimated that between 1985 and 2025, the aging population would increase 77 percent in developed nations and 207 percent in developing nations. These estimates are consistent with those developed by the United Nations (1988) and demographer George C. Myers (1990). The final report of the World Assembly noted the central role that families play in support of dependent elderly people (United Nations, 1982). Though nations mayvary in the degree to which cultural normas influece the notion to repsect elders, all have the same common ecomonic pressures the make it difficult for modern families. respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that policies that require or encourage relatives to provide care may have adverse consequences for elderly people and their families. Human services advocates should support policies and interventions that provide universal access to a continuum of care alternatives that facilitate rational health care decision making by families and that empower and sustain family members who choose to care for elderly relatives. Barusch, A. S. (1995). Programming for family care of elderly dependents: Mandates, incentives, and service rationing. Social Work, 40(3), 315-22. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215274701?accountid=8289 In response to a demographic imperative, many countries have established policies to increase family involvement in the care of their dependent elderly relatives. Reflecting fiscal constraints and cultural norms, these policies are often designed to place the burden of care on family rather than government. This article offers a survey and critique of three approaches to increasing family care of elderly people: filial support legislation, incentives for family caregivers, and service rationing provisions. Drawing in part on the results of a survey with respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that policies that require or encourage relatives to provide care may have adverse consequences for elderly people and their families. Human services advocates should support policies and interventions that provide universal access to a continuum of care alternatives that facilitate rational health care decision making by families and that empower and sustain family members who choose to care for elderly relatives. http://healthland.time.com/2013/07/22/caring-for-aging-parents-should-there-be-a-law/ Kehusmaa, S., Autti-Rm, I., Helenius, H., & Rissanen, P. (2013). Does informal care reduce public care expenditure on elderly care? estimates based on finland's age study. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 317. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-317 Bowles, J., Brooks, T., Hayes-Reams, P., Butts, T., & al, e. (2000). Frailty, family, and church support among urban african american elderly. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 11(1), 87-99. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220582706? accountid=8289 Barusch, A. S. (1995). Programming for family care of elderly dependents: Mandates, incentives, and service rationing. Social Work, 40(3), 315-22. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/215274701?accountid=8289 Topolnicki, D. M. (1996, May 21). HELPING ELDERLY PARENTS AGE GRACEFULLY DAY-CARE CENTERS AND IN-HOME HELP ARE AFFORDABLE OPTIONS FOR ADULT CHILDREN TO LOOK INTO. Chicago Tribune (Pre-1997 Fulltext) Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/291126208?accountid=8289 WHO SHOULD PROVIDE HELP FOR THE ELDERLY WELCOME My Purpose To see what the percentage will be for females who believe that the elderly should be helped by family members in comparison to their male counterparts. The goal is to see how families and marriages are affected by having in laws and parents staying in the home. This may also be influenced by race depending on family structure, socioeconomics and finances. All About My Sample Who are the participants: _Adults who are over the age of 18____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________ Who is funding the research? Principal funding comes from the National Science Foundation _________________________________________________ When was my data collected? _in 2012 _________________________________________________ How was my data collected? The center for Aging_ (CoA) which investigates aspects of health care, the societal impact of population aging. Data is collected through strategic planning, sampling and survey data. National Social life, health, and aging Project (NSHAP) conducts longitudinal, population based studies that examine wellbeing, emotional health, sensory function, social connectedness, and relationship quality. Data collection consists of in person questionnaires, bio measure collection and supplemental self-administered questionnaires. __________________________________________________ .Who do my participants represent? Who is the population? _They represent the U.S Population from the perspective of male, female, black, white and people of all age groups Graphs and Charts Run the appropriate graphs/charts for each of your variables listed above. Summarize your findings briefly in a paragraph or two. Be sure to include a title on each of your charts and other pertinent labels you feel are required. (A)Frequency Tables Run frequencies for each variable listed above. Summarize your findings in a paragraph or two below. Be sure to copy your tables over into this document. Based on the frequency chart for who should provide for the elderly, it shows that families are the highest ranked followed by the government. There is large gap between family and government which reflects that families don't want the government, nonprofit organizations or private providers caring for their elderly relatives once they are not able to care for themselves. (A)Choose two of the following techniques: Running measures of central tendency and dispersion Recoding Index construction Then use the techniques you chose to investigate the issue/topic you are considering in more depth. Summarize your findings and copy/paste all relevant output data here in this file. WHO SHOULD PROVIDE HELP FOR ELDERLY Valid Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Family members 763 38.7 66.0 66.0 Government agencies 191 9.7 16.5 82.5 95 4.8 8.2 90.7 107 5.4 9.3 100.0 1156 58.6 100.0 IAP 672 34.0 DON'T KNOW 140 7.1 6 .3 818 41.4 1974 100.0 Non-profit organizations (e.g., charitable organizations, churches/religious organizations) Private providers of this kind of help Total Missing No answer Total Total (A)Crosstabulation Table Outline a research hypothesis regarding your variables. List below: Hypothesis: There will be a higher percentage of Blacks who feel that the elderly should be cared for by family more than whites. What test of significance did the researchers use? This can usually be found in a discussions section or reviewed in the methods section of a research article. What were their findings? These will be reviewed with detail in the discussion and findings sections. What was their research question and what were their findings with regards to their statistics? Based on the research that I able to locate although not necessarily quantitative, I was able to find peer reviewed articles that explored family care for elderly dependents. The article discusses 3 approaches to increasing family care for the elderly through filial support, legislation and incentives for caregivers. Results from results from a survey with respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that encourage relatives to provide care may have unfavorable consequences for the elderly and their families. The International Institute on Aging estimated that between 1985 and 2025, the aging population would increase 77 percent in developed nations and 207 percent in developing nations. These estimates are consistent with those developed by the United Nations (1988) and demographer George C. Myers (1990). The final report of the World Assembly noted the central role that families play in support of dependent elderly people (United Nations, 1982). Though nations may vary in the degree to which cultural norms influence the notion to respect elders, all have the same common economic pressures the make it difficult for modern families. Respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that policies that require or encourage relatives to provide care may have adverse consequences for elderly people and their families. Human services advocates should support policies and interventions that provide universal access to a continuum of care alternatives that facilitate rational health care decision making by families and that empower and sustain family members who choose to care for elderly relatives. In response to a demographic imperative, many countries have established policies to increase family involvement in the care of their dependent elderly relatives. Reflecting fiscal constraints and cultural norms, these policies are often designed to place the burden of care on family rather than government. This article offers a survey and critique of three approaches to increasing family care of elderly people: filial support legislation, incentives for family caregivers, and service rationing provisions. Drawing in part on the results of a survey with respondents from 33 countries, it concludes that policies that require or encourage relatives to provide care may have adverse consequences for elderly people and their families. Human services advocates should support policies and interventions that provide universal access to a continuum of care alternatives that facilitate rational health care decision making by families and that empower and sustain family members who choose to care for elderly relatives. Tests of Significance The T-tests 1. Single sample In this scenario, we will focus on sample population of depressed people. Basically, the aim will be to test the below hypothesis of interest, We will test the hypothesis for and One-Sample Statistics N activities of daily living after therapy Mean 12 Std. Deviation 17.33 Std. Error Mean 5.365 1.549 One-Sample Test Test Value = 17 t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Difference Lower activities of daily living .215 after therapy 11 .834 .333 Upper -3.08 3.74 One-Sample Test Test Value = 17 t df Sig. (2-tailed) SPSS OUTPUT Mean 99% Confidence Interval of the Difference Difference Lower activities of daily living after therapy .215 11 .834 .333 -4.48 Upper 5.14 From the above results obtained, we can see that the p-value = 0.834 which is greater than 0.05 or 0.01. Therefore, we will fail to reject the null hypothesis at and and conclude that there is a statistical difference in the mean number of activities of 17 that is typically for the depressed people. Alternatively, we can consider the mean and the standard deviation and make the following remark that, the mean depression ( was higher than the said mean of 17 from the population. This will also lead us in failing to reject the null hypothesis. Based on the results, the behavioral scientists should recommend group therapy for all depressed people. 1. Dependent means The researchers have randomly selected 8 depressed clients in a 6-week group therapy program. We will test the hypothesis for SPSS OUTPUT Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2tailed) Mean Std. Std. Error 95% Confidence Deviation Mean Interval of the Difference Lower Pair 1 before therapy after therapy -4.625 4.138 1.463 -8.085 Upper -1.165 -3.161 7 .016 Paired Samples Correlations Pair 1 N before therapy & after therapy Correlation 8 Sig. .248 .554 Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean before therapy 10.38 8 2.264 .800 after therapy 15.00 8 4.071 1.439 Pair 1 From the above results, we will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.05. From the above table, the p- value = 0. 016 which is less than 0.05. Therefore, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is no statistical difference that is significance in the number of activities of daily living obtained before and after therapy at 0.05 level of significance. 1. Independent Samples A researcher has been asked to compare the job satisfaction of employees who participated in counseling sessions with the satisfaction of employees who chose not to participate. We will test the hypothesis for SPSS OUTPUT Paired Samples Test Paired Differences Mean t Std. Std. Error 99% Confidence Deviation Mean Interval of the df Sig. (2tailed) Difference Lower Upper participated in Pair 1 counselling - did not participate in 2.444 4.720 1.573 -2.835 7.724 1.554 8 .159 counselling Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean participated in counselling Pair 1 did not participate in counselling 38.00 9 2.398 .799 35.56 9 3.504 1.168 Paired Samples Correlations Pair 1 N participated in counselling & did not participate in counselling Correlation 9 -.253 Sig. .511 The above paired sample test table gives the sig. (2-tailed) value as 0.159.we will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.01. Since the p-value = 0. 159 is greater than 0.01, we will fail to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there exists a statistical difference in the job satisfaction score from the two groups at 0.01 level of significance. That is, the job satisfaction scores of the group that participated in counseling are statistically higher than the scores of employees who did not participate in counseling. Therefore, in order to curb this difference, the researcher should recommend counselling as a way of improving the job satisfaction following industrial accidents. ANOVA In this study, there are 15 participants divided into three groups of five. Therefore, each of the 15 participants will be described by two variables, type of therapy and the number of activities of daily living performed. We will test the hypothesis for ANOVA Sum of Squares Between Groups df Mean Square F 20.000 4 5.000 .000 0 . Total 20.000 4 Between Groups 17.200 4 4.300 .000 0 . 17.200 4 ADL Within Groups GROUP3 Within Groups Total Sig. . . . . From the anova table above, we can see the sig. value as 0. We will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.05. Since the p-value = 0 is less than 0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there exists no statistical difference between the groups at 0.05 level of significance. NO.5 Both the t- test and the ANOVA are a basically used in finding out if two or more groups of data sampled comes from different populations or from similar populations. The two tests compares means and check if there is any significant difference that exists in them. When we are comparing three groups or more, the ANOVA becomes the best and it's the best choice. Employing t- test for more than 3 groups becomes more tedious and therefore that's why a One Way Anova becomes more powerful as compared to t- test. CHI SQUARE Chi square test for goodness of fit NO.6 a. Solution. The research question here is that whether the observed frequencies of the different resolution styles match the expected frequencies. The below hypothesis will be manipulated for this scenario, We will test the hypothesis for We will apply the chi square test for independence From the above analysis, we can see the p-value = 0.066 with a chi square value of 7.2. We will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.05. Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the observed frequencies do not follow the expected frequencies. NO.7 In this question, we are basically questioning ourselves whether the conflict resolution style and the suspension of the students have any relationship that exists. Below are the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis that will be used in carrying out the analysis. We will use the chi square test for independent We will test the hypothesis for The p-value = 0.029 with a phi coefficient being 0.671. Based on these results, we will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.05. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and fail to conclude that there exists independence between conflict resolution style and the suspension of the student. The NO.8 For this scenario, we are focused on finding if the observed frequencies have any significant statistical difference with the frequencies obtained by chance. We will apply the below hypothesis in this case, We will test the hypothesis for The above chi square table gives the p value as 0. 019. We will reject the null hypothesis if the p < 0.05. Since the p-value = 0. 019 is less than 0.05, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there exists a statistical difference in the observed frequencies and the frequencies expected by chance at 0.05 level of significance. REFERENCE BARUSCH, A. S. (1995). PROGRAMMING FOR FAMILY CARE OF ELDERLY DEPENDENTS: MANDATES, INCENTIVES, AND SERVICE RATIONING. SOCIAL WORK, 40(3), 315-22. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.PROQUEST.COM/DOCVIEW/215274701?ACCOUNTID=8289 HTTP://HEALTHLAND.TIME.COM/2013/07/22/CARING-FOR-AGING-PARENTS-SHOULD-THERE-BE-A-LAW/ KEHUSMAA, S., AUTTI-RM, I., HELENIUS, H., & RISSANEN, P. (2013). DOES INFORMAL CARE REDUCE PUBLIC CARE EXPENDITURE ON ELDERLY CARE? ESTIMATES BASED ON FINLAND'S AGE STUDY. BMC HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, 13, 317. DOI:HTTP://DX.DOI.ORG/10.1186/1472-6963-13-317 BOWLES, J., BROOKS, T., HAYES-REAMS, P., BUTTS, T., & AL, E. (2000). FRAILTY, FAMILY, AND CHURCH SUPPORT AMONG URBAN AFRICAN AMERICAN ELDERLY. JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED, 11(1), 87-99. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.PROQUEST.COM/DOCVIEW/220582706?ACCOUNTID=8289 BARUSCH, A. S. (1995). PROGRAMMING FOR FAMILY CARE OF ELDERLY DEPENDENTS: MANDATES, INCENTIVES, AND SERVICE RATIONING. SOCIAL WORK, 40(3), 315-22. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.PROQUEST.COM/DOCVIEW/215274701? ACCOUNTID=8289 TOPOLNICKI, D. M. (1996, MAY 21). HELPING ELDERLY PARENTS AGE GRACEFULLY DAY-CARE CENTERS AND IN-HOME HELP ARE AFFORDABLE OPTIONS FOR ADULT CHILDREN TO LOOK INTO. CHICAGO TRIBUNE (PRE-1997 FULLTEXT) RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://SEARCH.PROQUEST.COM/DOCVIEW/291126208?ACCOUNTID=8289