Rate of change is one of the factors that determines effective span of management. Changes occur more rapidly in certain organizations than in others. This rate of change

(a)	Determineshow efficient subordinates are withoutguidance from their superiors
(b)	Enables subordinates to clearly understand what is expected of them
(c)	Determines the degree to which policies can be formulated and the stability that can be achieved in the policies
(d)	Helps identify deviation in plans
(e)	Determines effectives of communication techniques.