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Question 1 7.69 pts Questions 18 relate to the Doll R, et al. article Doll R, et al. Articlep Which best describes the primary research question investigated in the Doll R, et al. study? ' \\ What are the relative risks of lung cancer mortality associated with the smoking of different amounts of tobacco by different methods? ' ' Is there a relationship between smoking and any other cause of death? ' What is the most likely explanation of the observed association? Is there a reduction in the risk if smoking is given up? Question 2 7.69 pts Which type of study design was used to investigate this research question? " Ecologic \\ Retrospective Cohort " Case-control ' Cross-sectional Question 3 7.69 pts How were subjects selected for inclusion in this study? Subjects were recruited from among all medical professionals in the U.K. who also smoke Subjects were recruited from among all medical professionals in the U.K. ' \\ Subjects were recruited from a convenience sample of all smokers in the U.K. Subjects were recruited from a convenience sample of all non-smokers in the U.K. Question 4 7.69 pts What exposure groups were compared? Former smokers All of the above ' \\ Never smokers Current smokers Question 5 7.69 pts What measure(s) served as the primary outcome variable(s)? Smoking status Death from other causes Death from lung cancer Smoking cessation Question 6 7.69 pts What measure(s) served as the primary exposure variable(s)? ' ' Smoking cessation Smoking status Death from lung cancer Death from other causes Question 7 7.69 pts What was the effect of smoking pipes vs. cigarettes on mortality? ' \\ Individuals who smoked pipes had a lower death rate. Individuals who smoked cigarettes had a lower death rate. " Individuals who smoked pipes had a higher death rate. Investigators were unable to determine the effect. Question 8 7.69 pts What third variable or confounder was used in the analysis for this study? ' \\ Gender " Age Smoking status \" None Question 9 7.69 pts Questions 9-13 relate to the Galea S, et al. article. Galea S, et al. Article.p What is a participation rate? The proportion of subjects that complete the participation requirements of a research study. / \\ The proportion of ineligible subjects identied for participation in a research study. ' \\ The proportion of subjects that express interest in participating in a research study. ' The proportion of eligible subjects identied for participation in a research study. Question 10 7.69 pts Why has non-participation in research studies been increasing? Potential subjects still have some mistrust of the medical profession. / \\ Potential subjects are often reluctant to participate in studies that do not impact them personally. ' \\ Potential subjects are faced with an increasing number of requests to participate in studies. ' All of the above Question 11 7.69 pts Which groups are more likely to participate in research studies? Women Married individuals ' All of the above Employed individuals Question 12 7.69 pts What are the reasons for concern about study participation rates? Study non-participation can lead to non-response bias, which threatens the study's external validity. All of the above Study nonparticipation can threaten the ability to obtain populationrepresentative samples. Question 13 7.69 pts Which of the following are measures utilized to increase study participation rates? Allow for more extensive followup ' Allow for more generous nancial incentives ' Allow for more interviewer hours to enable repeated contact attempts ' All of the above