Read the attached article "Research on early warning management of Construction Engineering quality based on the failure theory." Han, Guo Bo. Applied Mechanics and Materials; Zurich Vol. 584-586, (Jul 2014): 1996-2000.

Please find the attached photo of the article.

1) Comment on the early warning system from the risk in construction point of view.

2) How do you think this helps in monitoring for quality?

Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 584-586 1999 inversion analysis is introduced to improve the accuracy of warning. Inversion analysis is based on the relevant data of construction quality that has been obtained from the monitoring process. By taking the data into the calculation model and correcting the initial calculation parameters, inversion analysis attempts to improve the accuracy of predicting calculation values in the next step. Currently there is no complete and standardized procedure concerning the monitoring and warning system of construction quality failures and the procedure differs from one project to another. For example, in the reference [6, 7], a high level and deep foundation pit construction is chosen as the safety warning system model. Therefore, this paper only constructs a contour model of the monitoring and warning system of construction quality failures, shown in Figure 3. It needs to be noted that in practical application, this model has to be further optimized in accordance with specific categories and different parts involved in the projects. Data of quality Parameters of Set-up of quality failure cases projects to be built warning values Successful Failure warning: Structure of Data collection Failure prediction Comparative Warning Avoid failure quality failure and processing of construction analysis of decision-making Back analysis system quality quality system prediction model warning Not Failure occurs Failure successful Current regulations and standard controlling values knowledge inside the company Fig.3, Establishment of the warning system of construction quality failures Conclusions Source data that are used in the knowledge base establishment of construction quality failures must be authentic and accurate; and its establishment requires building a unified platform for information sharing across the country, which adds to the difficulty of construction. Meanwhile, both the application of failure tree method towards construction quality and the combination of Failure Science and Decision-making Science requires extensive research. Nevertheless, it is a bold attempt to apply Failure Theory to current construction quality supervision and it is a breakthrough to use quality management models with successful cases. It is believed that if people related to construction quality management draw lessons from similar projects via failure knowledge base, make quality monitoring and warning of possible adverse factors in accordance with some signs of construction quality failures within the whole life-cycle and strive to avoid the reoccurrence of construction quality accidents, safety management ability and level of construction quality can be improved. Acknowledgements The research work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51178185 and Special Fund of Central University Basic Scientific Research and Business Expenses under Grant No. TM1207B. References [1] Mura Hirotaro. Failure theory. Tokyo: Kodansha, Heisei 12 years (2000). [2] Wang Yue-sen, Li Dai-song. Science Research Management(2006). [3] Cheng Jin-yu. Lanzhou Jiaotong University(2012). [4] Noboru Yokoyama, Masahiro Terabe. Journal of Research(2005). Page 4Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 584-586 1997 Failure Theory and Categories of Construction Quality Failures Failure Theory The concept of "Fail Theory" was first proposed by Professor Mura Hirotaro of the University of Tokyo in 2000. He advocated the promotion of information technology and communization of failure intelligence and appealed to actively apply failure knowledge into science and technology, engineering and production areas so as to avoid failure . Failure Theory is a new branch in management science. Through adopting the reverse way of thinking and starting from revealing hidden disharmony factors in things, it studies the path and factors of risk sources leading to failure. Furthermore, it gives a timely warning in accordance with failure signs and then provides control methods to avoid failure (2]. It can be seen from the concept of "Failure Theory" that construction quality failure refers to the unexpected outcome or undesirable quality goals in the process of construction. Expected quality goals of a building refer to fixed assets which are completed on time and of high quality within the investment quota and complying with national regulations and quality standards. In this way, the needs of users' various functions are satisfied and events like undesirable accidents and environmental damage can be avoided. Types of Construction Quality Failures There is a variety of factors leading to various types of construction quality failures as well as complex and diverse occurrence mechanisms. These factors include long construction cycle, worker mobility, frequent open-air and high operating conditions, heavy workload, product changes, poor regulations, various construction machinery, along with many uncertainties involved in the construction process. Besides, vulnerability to the impact of multiple social environment, natural conditions, hydro-geological conditions and force majeure, etc is also an important factor. However, through analyzing types of construction quality accidents and referring to the literature 3,4, there are still many common features that can be summarized from construction failures. Construction quality failures can be divided into different types according to different terms. Specific dividing results are as shown in Figure 1. In the monitoring and warning process of construction quality failures, knowledgeabletion and update management mainly focus on major failures which are significant and hidden, such as critical failure, uncontrollable failure, unreasonable failure and overall failure. Severe failure and mild failure Critical failure and general failure Sudden failure and gradual failure Difference Types of Difference | Controllable failure and uncontrollable failure lin degree construction in nature Continuous failure and intermittent failure quality Reasonable failure and unreasonable failure failures Decision failure and operation failure Objective failure and subjective failure Overall failure and partial failure Authentic failure and false failure Fig.1, Division of construction quality failures Knowledgeabletion Process of Construction Quality Failures Establishment of Construction Quality Failures Knowledge base Establishment of failure knowledge base is an effective way to spread failure knowledge. The building of a failure knowledge base is generally carried out in stages and continues to be refined and revised in the actual construction and application process. Through a large amount of investigation, collection and statistical analysis of previous project failures, Construction Quality Page 21998 Architecture, Building Materials and Engineering Management IV Association draw lessons from the failures, identify risk sources, turn them into failure knowledge and establish construction quality failure knowledge base, as shown in Figure 2. Knowledge Store some common quality base of general Division of defects, common quality The initial stage The intermediate The advanced quality defects problems that users feed stages stage stage back, preventive measures I and solutions Knowled Complete the Process failure Improve the Store the analysis process and collection, sorting cases, make use of existing Content of ge base knowledge base failure of quality analysis approach and classification process knowledge accidents construction quality accidents Construction of failure cases; management system of construction database analysis and use statistical method to process use hyperlinks and module provided quality failures, by the system to find out the frequent ! other inquiry form the failure achieve the knowledge means to achieve Experience accidents-occurring sites. automatic transfer database, and base of Store settings of quality the initial and storage of achieve quality controlling points in certain I processing failure cases and pre-warning system of quality accidents | part of the project and information offer a variety of provide previous controlling failures. inquiry. inquiry means. and management methods for controlling points. Fig.2, Establishment of construction quality failure knowledge base Knowledgeablismion Process of Construction Quality Failures Knowledgeabletion process of construction quality failures is composed of describing the background, occurrence, causation, procedure, summarization, filing and preservation of quality failures. Based on such processes, knowledgeabletion is carried out and failure information is conveyed. In previous construction practices, the facts that we see are all results. The process of construction quality accidents as well as the cause and effect is invisible. In order to put the failure lessons into practice and to prevent the recurrence of failure, it is important to clearly understand the event right from the beginning to the end so that the truth of project failures can be perceived. The process of knowledgeabletion should be consistent with human logic. In accordance with the sequence of time and the stages of events, failure information that has already been recorded can be inducted and deducted by employing the "reason - behavior - result" logic model. Thus, specific failures rise to a higher level and become common failures. In conclusion, knowledgeabletion of construction quality failures refers to such a process as drawing lessons through analysis of failure events and concluding precautions to prevent the recurrence of similar incidents. Only going through the process of knowledgeablismion can experience and information from quality failures be used, known as "lesson". Construction of the Monitoring and Warning System of Construction Quality Failures Construction quality failures always cause heavy losses to the construction industry. The purpose of establishing a monitoring and warning system is to alert possible adverse factors according to some signs in the future and help construction stakeholders to avoid failures similar to the past as much as possible. Construction quality monitoring and warning involves in a lot of human, financial and material resources, so its warning management mainly refers to early preventive intervention. Specific construction has to seek the aid of similar experience in the failure knowledge base to get preventive measures: build construction quality failure tree; identify the most dangerous path that quality accidents happen as well as sectors and events related to the dangerous path; control conditions; determine the position of monitoring points, monitoring equipment, monitoring and alarming indicators and values; and finally constitute the warning system. When establishing the warning system, it is crucial to correctly determine the early warning model, warning indicators, warning division levels and corresponding monitoring indicators value . In the warning system, Page 3Applied Mechanics and Materials Vols. 584-586 (2014) pp 1996-2000 Unline available since 2014/Jul/04 ar www.scientific.net (2014) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland doi.'10.4028/www. scientific. net/AMM. 584-586. 1 996 Research on Early Warning Management of Construction Engineering Quality Based on the Failure Theory Guo-bo Han1'2' 3 1Architectural Engineering College, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Beijing, China 2China Center for Industrial Security Research, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China a hgb3468@ncist.edu.cn Key words: Construction Engineering, Failure Theory, Quality Supervision, Early warning management Abstract: On the basis of Failure Theory and combined with the characteristic that construction quality accidents frequently occur, this paper analyzed the categories of construction quality failures, investigated into the establishment of quality failures database and the process of quality failures knowledgeablization, and finally constructed the monitoring and alarming system of quality failures. The present study not only provides powerful theoretical support for improving the management standard of construction quality and preventing or even eliminating the accidents in the construction process, but also offers practical guidance in these aspects. Besides, the study contributes to the healthy, stable and sustainable development of construction industry. Introduction In recent years, accidents frequently occur in the construction process in China. Construction quality has a direct impact on people's life and property safety. To a certain extent, the quality of buildings hinders the healthy, fast and high-standard development of construction industry. Facing the intense competition in the construction market, constant improvement of selfmanagement level is an important way to remain invincible. In the construction process, possibilities of success and failure co-exist. However, in practice, people tent to apply mature management technology into construction industry from a positive side so as to analyze and research into its quality management. Researches on construction quality deficiency and quality failures are even in a small number. Accidents concerning construction quality can be divided into the following categories, including objects attack, falling accidents, mechanical injury, lifting injury, electric shock and collapse. There is a high probability that theses accidents recur; therefore, lessons learned from such quality failures play an important role in the subsequent construction. The study indicates that there are various reasons leading to construction failures and each project is likely to have its own reason different from others. It is necessary to identify the presence of regularity and universality in construction failures. Based on this finding and with the help of Failure Theory, it can be concluded that it is of vital importance to start from revealing hidden disharmony factors, investigate into the categories of construction quality failures, explore the process of knowledgeablization in construction quality failures and eventually construct the monitoring and warning system of quality failures. Page 1 All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of TTP, www.ttp.net. (ID: 165.215.209.15. FroQuest-UE!07!14,0136:12)