Read the case, "Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell" on page 622-624 and discuss the following questions:

1. What is the basis for the determination that an employer should or should not be required to test applicants on an individual basis?

2. Should an employer have available as a defense that the cost of the tests would impose a great burden on the employer? Why or why not?

3. What is the distinction the Criswell opinion makes between "reasonable necessity" and "reasonableness?"