Reese, a calendar-year taxpayer, uses the cash method of accounting for her sole proprietorship. In late December, she received a $31,000 bill from her accountant for consulting services related to her small business. Reese can pay the $31,000 bill anytime before January 30 of next year without penalty. Assume Reeses marginal tax rate is 30 percent this year and will be 40 percent next year, and that she can earn an after-tax rate of return of 6 percent on her investments.

a. What is the after-tax cost if she pays the $31,000 bill in December?

b. What is the after-tax cost if she pays the $31,000 bill in January? Use Exhibit 3.1.