Required 1.   Evaluate Zipcar based on benefit-based positioning. Required 2.   Compare Zipcar's positioning based on benefits to Zipcar's positioning based on beliefs and values. Which is stronger?

Zipcar: It's Not About Cars—It's About Urban Life Imagine a world in which no one owns a car. Cars would still exist, but rather than owning cars, people would just share them. Sounds crazy, right? But Scott Griffith, CEO of Zipcar, the world's largest car-share company, paints a picture of just such an imaginary world. And he has nearly 800,000 passionate customers, or Zipsters, as they are called—who will back him up. Zipcar specializes in renting out cars by the hour or day. Although this may sound like a minor variation on the established rental car agency business, car- sharing, a concept pioneered by Zipcar, is an entirely different concept. As Griffith took the driver's seat of the young start-up company, he knew that if the company was going to achieve cruising speed, it needed to be far more than just another car service. Zipcar needed to be a well-positioned brand that appealed to a customer base with unfulfilled needs. A Car Rental Company That Isn't About Cars As Griffith considered what Zipcar had to offer, it was apparent that it couldn't be all things to all people. But the concept seemed particularly well suited to people who live or work in densely populated neighborhoods in cities such as New York, Boston, Atlanta, San Francisco, and London. For these customers, owning a car (or a second or a third car) is difficult, costly, and environmentally irresponsible. Interestingly, Zipcar doesn't see itself as a car-rental company. Instead, it's selling a lifestyle, the urban life. Initially, the Zipcar brand was positioned exclusively round a value system. As an urban lifestyle brand, Zipcar focused on traits that city dwellers have in common. For starters, the lifestyle is rooted in environmental consciousness. At first, Zipcar focused on green-minded customers with promotional pitches such as "We • Earth" and "Imagine a world with a million fewer cars on the road." Zipcar's vibrant green logo reflects this save-the-Earth philosophy. And Zipcar really does deliver on its environmental promises. Studies show that every shared Zipcar takes up to 20 cars off the road and cuts carbon emissions by up to 50 percent per user. On average, Zipsters travel 44 percent fewer miles than when they owned a car, leaving an average of 219 gallons of crude oil in the ground. Multiply all this out by 11,000 cars in Zipcar's fleet, and that's a pretty substantial impact on the environment. But it wasn't long Zipcar realized that if it was going to grow, it needed to move beyond just being green. So the brand has broadened its positioning to include other urban lifestyle benefits, benefits that Zipcar appeals to on its site in response to the question, "Who exactly is the car-sharing type?" Zipcar provides these most common reasons for car sharing; eliminate the hassle and expenses of owning a car, save money and the environment by using public transportation, and the ability to use a car when you really need it. One of most important benefits Zipcar provides is convenience. Owning a car in a densely populated urban area can be a real hassle. Zipcar lets customers focus on driving, not on the complexities of car ownership. It gives them "Wheels when you want them," in four easy steps: "Join. Reserve. Unlock. Drive." Fulfilling Consumer Needs To join, you pay around $70 for an annual membership and receive your personal Zipcard, which unlocks any Zipcar vehicle located in urban areas around the world. Then, when you need a car, reserve one, minutes or months in advance, online, by phone, or using a smartphone app. You can choose the car you want, when and where you want it, and drive it for as little as $9.00 an hour, including gas, insurance, and free miles. When you're ready, walk to the car, hold your Zipcard to the windshield to unlock the doors, and you're good to go. When you're done, you drop the car off at the same parking spot, Zipcar worries about the maintenance and cleaning. Zipcar not only eliminates the hassle of urban car ownership; it also saves money. By living with less, the average Zipster saves $600 a month on car payments, insurance, gas, maintenance, and other car ownership expenses. That's like getting a $10,000 a year raise after taxes. In an era when consumers have become more frugal, this is a big plus, especially for those looking to live more minimally. Zipcar isn't for everyone, it doesn't try to be. Instead, it zeros in on a narrowly defined urban lifestyle positioning. For starters, Zipcar "pods" (a dozen or so vehicles located in a given neighborhood) are stocked from a portfolio of over 50 different models that trendy urbanites love. The vehicles are both hip and fuel efficient: Toyota Priuses, Honda CRVs, MINIs, Volvo S60s, BMW 328s, Toyota Tacomas, Toyota Siennas, Subaru Outbacks, and others. And Zipcar now has plug-in hybrids, fully electric vehicles, and full-size vans for big jobs. Each car has its own personality, a name and profile created by a Zipster. For example, Prius Ping "jogs in the morning; doesn't say much," whereas Civic Carlos "teaches yoga; loves to kayak." Such personal touches make it feel like you're borrowing the car from a friend, rather than being assigned whatever piece of metal happens to be available. To further eliminate hassles and make Zipcar as convenient as possible, company promotional tactics are designed to appeal to city dwellers. The company's goal is for Zipsters to not have to walk more than seven minutes to get to one of its car pods, no easy task. Zipcar's management realizes that even with targeted Web and mobile promotions it is hard to target at a block level. Zipcar sends street teams to understand the urban blocks. They use local ads and transit advertising. They use an on-the-ground guerilla-type marketing approach. With its eye sharply focused on maintaining the Zipcar image, the company is consistently developing new features that appeal to the tech-savvy urbanites. Recently, the company has shifted its focus a bit from being a Web-based business to be an overwhelmingly mobile concern. Soon, Zipcars will have in-car device holders for smartphones that will allow for easy plug-in and hands-free navigation. The interface between the cars and the users will allow playlists stored on the phone to be played through the car's audio system. Users will be provided with information specific to the vehicle they are in, a personalized deal recommendation service, and a real-time feedback loop where users can report on vehicle cleanliness, damage, and fuel levels. Fostering Brand Community Zipcar's orientation around the urban, environmentally conscious lifestyle fosters a tight-knit sense of customer community. Zipsters are as fanatically loyal as the hardcore fans of Harley-Davidson or Apple, brands that have been nurturing customer relationships for decades. Loyal Zipsters serve as neighborhood brand ambassadors; 30 percent of new members join up at the recommendation of existing customers. "When I meet another Zipcar member at a party or something, I feel like we have something in common," says one Brooklyn Zipster. "It's like we're both making intelligent choices about our lives." And just like Harley owners get together on weekends to ride, the internet is littered with announcements for Zipster parties at bars, restaurants, and comedy clubs, among other places. As Zipcar has taken off, it has broadened the appeal of its brand to include a different type of urban dweller, businesses, and other organizations. Companies such as Google now encourage employees to be environmentally conscious by commuting via a company shuttle and then using Zipcars for both business and personal use during the day. Other companies are using Zipcar as an alternative to black sedans, long taxi rides, and congested parking lots. Government agencies are getting into the game as well. The city of Chicago recently partnered with Zipcar to provide a more efficient and sustainable transportation alternative for city agencies. And Washington, D.C., now saves more than $1 million a year using Zipcar. Fleet management has proven to be a good market for Zipcar. As word of mouth spreads on savings that Zipcar can bring, organizations wanting to get rid of their fleet of cars are signing up with Zipcar. How is Zipcar's strategy of positioning itself as an urban lifestyle brand working? By all accounts, the young car-sharing nicher has the pedal to the metal and its tires are smoking. In just the past five years, Zipcar's annual revenues have rocketed nearly fivefold, to more than $270 million. Zipcar has also reached the milestone of being profitable. And with 10 million people now within walking distance of a Zipcar, there's plenty of room to grow. As more cars are added, Zipcar's reach will only increase.