Research Topic:

Examine the effects of child's race, poverty level, gender, consistency of health insurance coverage, adverse life experiences, and the number of times children received preventive services in the last 12 months on the number of chronic health conditions among 3-5 year old children.

The subsample (n=15,910) includes only children between the ages of 3-5 years old.

1- Based on the research topic, give an Introduction ( Introduction provides some background information on the problem, outlines any gaps in existing research, and includes the purpose statement. For example, if you are examining chronic health conditions in children 3-5 years old, then you should conduct a literature review (i.e., examine previous studies) on this topic and provide a short summary of these studies as part of the background information. (provide references for the studies being used in the summary of the problem) any findings you present from previous studies in this section.

2- use the attached output pictures of this research topic to see the trends and effects to answer the above question.

. ttest NumChronicCond, by (Gender) unequal Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group Obs Mean Std. err. Std. dev. [95% conf. interval] Male 8,140 .4136364 . 0121773 1.098664 .3897656 . 4375071 Female 7,757 .2321774 .009128 .8039395 . 214284 . 2500708 Combined 15, 897 . 3250928 . 0076963 .9703688 .3100073 .3401783 diff .181459 . 0152187 .1516285 .2112895 diff = mean (Male) - mean (Female) t = 11.9234 HO: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = 14913.9 Ha: diff 0 Pr (T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr (T > t) = 0.0000Variables names Variable description Type of Derivation of each variable, check the following web link for more info on the variables: in the data set variables http:lev.childhealthdata.o[gearnlNSCH/tonics gnestions/Zll-lz-nsch PrevHealthServ [n the past 12 months, Continuous During the past 12 months, how many times did child see a doctor, nurse, or other health care how many times did provider for preventive medical care such as a physical exam or well-child check-up? child see a (K4Q20)' doctor/unrsc/healthcare provider for preventive medical care such as a physical exam or well- child checkups? PrevDentalServ Past 12 months, how Continuous During the past 12 months, did child see a dentist for any kind of dental care, including check- many times did child ups, dental cleanings, x-rays, or lling cavities?(K4Q30)"' see a dentist for preventive dental care, such as check-ups and dental cleanings? NumChronicCond number of chronic Continuous Chronic health conditions include: asthma, diabetes, epilepsy, hearing and vision problems, conditions including boneljoint/muscle problems, brain injury or concussion NumAdverseExp Number of adverse life Continuous This variable was constructed based on the following questions: Since child was born, how oen has it been very hard to get by on your family's income hard to cover the basics like experiences food or housing? Would you say very oen, somewhat often, oen, rarely, or never? (ACEI)* Did child ever live with a parent or guardian who got divorced or separated after child was born? (ACE3)"' Did child ever live with a parent or guardian who died? (ACE4)* Did child ever live with a parent or guardian who served time in jail or prison after child was born? (AG-35)\" Did child ever see or hear any parents or adults in (his/her) home slap, hit, kick, punch, or beat each other up? (ACE6)"' Was child ever the victim of violence or witness any violence in (his/her) neighborhood? (ACE7)* Did child ever live with anyone who was mentally ill or suicidal, or severely depressed for more than a couple of weeks? (ACE8)" Did child ever live with anyone who had a problem with alcohol or drugs? (ACE9)" Was child ever treated or judged unfairly because of (his/her) race or ethnic group? (ACE10)' If YES, During the past year, how often was child treated or judged unfairly? Would you say very often, somewhat often, rarely, or never? (ACEl 1)' ChildRace child's race 0=White, Based on race related questions in the original le. l=Non-white InsuranceConst Consistency of 0:Consistently Does child have any kind of health care coverage, including health insurance, prepaid plans insurance coverage insured such as HMOs, or government plans such as Medicaid? (KBQ01)* during past 12 months throughout past year If YES, during the past 12 months, was there anytime when [he/she]was not covered byANY health insurance? (K3Q03)' l= Currently uninsured or 'od / 5::erajg: no If N0, during the past 12 months, was there anytime when [he/she] had health care coverage? U during year (KBQM) PovertyLevell Poverty level 0=Low This question was constructed based on income questions found in the original data le and in poverty level conjunction with guidelines based on federal poverty levels. (2200 of the federal poverty level) 1=High poverty level ( F 0.0000 SAMPLE Telephone sample type II Residual 12623.7506 14, 070 . 897210419 R-squared = 0.0783 STATE State of residence Adj R-squared 0.0779 famstructure Total 13696.4197 14, 076 .97303351 Root MSE = -94721 PrevHealthServ Past 12 months, how m PrevDentalServ Past 12 months, how m NumChronicCed Coefficient Std. err. NumChronicCo... Number of Chronic Co t P> / t/ [95% conf. interval] NumAdverseExp Number of Adverse Exp ChildRaceEthn . 0906726 . 0170996 0.04 0.969 - . 0328449 . 03419 ChildRaceEthn Child's Race Ethnicity PovertyLevel1 . 0589078 . 0181448 3.25 0.001 . 0233416 . 0944739 Insurancefanst Consistency of incuran v InsuranceCont - . 0306157 . 0302052 -1.01 0. 311 - . 0898218 . 0285904 cons . 3120586 . 027408 11.39 0.000 . 2583352 . 3657821 Variables Name Label Type Format Value label Notes Data. . ttest NumChronicCond, by (ChildRaceEthn) unequal Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group obs Mean Std. err. Std. dev. [95% conf. interval] White 9,548 . 2993297 . 0094837 .9266893 . 2807396 . 3179198 Non-Whit 5,929 . 3671783 . 013424 1.033649 .3408623 .3934942 Combined 15, 477 . 3253214 . 0077937 .9695882 . 3100449 .340598 diff - .0678486 . 0164361 - .1090661 -. 0356311 diff = mean (White) - mean (Non-Whit) t= -4.1280 HO: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = 11537.5 Ha: diff 0 Pr (T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr(T > t) = 1.0000ttest NumChronicCond, by (PovertyLevel1) unequal Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group obs Mean Std. err. Std. dev. [95% conf. interval] Low pove 9,912 . 2593826 . 0085003 .8462782 . 2427203 . 2760448 High pov 5,998 . 4338113 .0146985 1.138355 . 4049968 . 4626257 Combined 15, 910 . 3251414 . 0076938 .9704621 .3100606 . 3402222 diff - .1744287 .0169795 - . 2077118 -.1411456 diff = mean (Low pove) - mean (High pov) t = -10.2729 HO: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = 10002.1 Ha: diff 0 Pr (T |t|) = 0.0000 Pr (T > t) = 1.0000ttest NumChronicCond, by (InsuranceConst) unequal Two-sample t test with unequal variances Group obs Mean Std. err. Std. dev. [95% conf. interval] Consiste 14, 454 .3210876 .0079348 .9539611 .3055343 .3366408 Currentl 1, 378 .3671988 . 0304398 1.12997 .3074854 .4269123 Combined 15, 832 . 3251011 . 0077138 .9705962 . 3099811 . 3402211 diff - .0461113 . 031457 -.1078135 . 015591 diff = mean(Consiste) - mean (Current]) t= -1.4658 HO: diff = 0 Satterthwaite's degrees of freedom = 1569.8 Ha: diff 0 Pr (T |t|) = 0.1429 Pr (T > t) = 0.9286