Researchers designing online studies should consider the following with respect to participant protections.

Re$-$identification methods are unique to internet$-$based research.

The prevalence of artificial intelligence $($e$.$g$.,$ avatars and bots$)$ make it hard to determine which online users are living humans.

There is no one, right way to secure informed consent online.

Online sites and services $($such as social media platforms$)$ require users to agree to their individual terms of use.