Rethinking the Vietnam Supply Chain Manufacturers looking to shift production out of China during the U.S.-China trade war piled into Vietnam, attracted by its low wages and the government's business-friendly reputation. But strict lockdowns to contain a Covid-19 wave in the largely unvaccinated country crippled manufacturing in 2021, forcing companies such as Nike and Lululemon to shift production to other countries. That is prompting some businesses to rethink their heavy reliance on factories in Vietnam.

Factory shutdowns in Vietnam translated to 100 million pairs of Nike shoes not made. Nike anticipates demand for its products will exceed available supply for the next 8 months.

"Our experience with Covid-related factory closures suggests that reopening and ramping back to full production scale will take time," said Nike's CFO. Nike is maximizing footwear production capacity in other countries and shifting apparel production out of Vietnam back to China of all places. It is estimated that 1/5 of manufacturers have already moved some production elsewhere.

"What people are realizing is, whether it be China or Vietnam, you can't have all your eggs in one basket, you can't be vulnerable to one country from a supply-chain standpoint," said an industry exec in Vietnam. Businesses have been left guessing about when Vietnam will lift its manufacturing curbs, which have included requiring factories to have their workers live inside their gates, or in some cases, outright factory closures.

Factories that wish to keep running are required to implement elaborate protocols, such as the "3-in-1-place" program, in which laborers eat, sleep, and work at their workplace. Large shoe and apparel factories with thousands of workers have found it impossible to house so many people on site. Many are shut down, or operating with skeleton crews.

The CEO of Crocs said it is moving some production to other parts of the world. Crocs was already planning to migrate some production out of Vietnam, and is adding facilities in Indonesia and India. "Ongoing diversification is essentially the name of the game," he said. "When you think about the amount of effort everyone was putting in to getting out of China and now one of the places where you can get goods is China, I mean it really is crazy the roller coaster that everybody's been on," added the CEO of footware retailer, Designer Brands.

Source: The Wall Street Journal (Oct. 1, 2021).

***** Critical Thinking Questions *****

1. Manufacturers transferred production to Vietnam from China because

A. Vietnam is closer to U.S. markets, therefore shipping costs are lower.

B. Vietnam has better expertise in apparel manufacturing.

C. China could not produce enough shoes.

D. They didn't want to have all their eggs in one basket.

E. Chinese manufacturers were less reliable.

2. Manufacturers are "rethinking the Vietnam supply chain" because

A. leaving China turned out to be a mistake.

B. roller coasters are not functioning in Vietnam.

C. 50% of all production has already left the country.

D. Indonesia and Ethiopia have undercut Vietnam's cost.

E. governmental lockdowns for Covid crippled manufacturing.