Ricardo thinks he will fail his upcoming Social Psychology exam, and therefore he studies for it haphazardly and very little. As a result, he gets the lowest grade in the class. "See?" he says, to no one in particular. "I knew it would happen, and it did." What can explain Ricardo's behavior and outcomes? Ohe was a member of an out-group when he should have been a member of the in-group the exam was too difficult; there was no way anyone could expect to do well O a self-fulfilling prophecy; he didn't expect to do well, didn't study, and therefore didn't do well Ohe was not seen as having equal status in the class as other students; he needed equal status contact