Ron sold $500$ shares of Hogwarts Corporation to Percy, his brother, for its fair market value. Ron had paid $$57,000$ for the stock. Calculate Ron's and Percy's recognized gain or loss under the following circumstances:

Ron sold the shares to Percy for $$55,000.$ One year later, Percy sold them for $$61,000.$

Ron sold the shares to Percy for $$47,000.$ One year later, Percy sold them for $$38,000.$

Ron sold the shares to Percy for $$63,000.$ One year later, Percy sold them for $$59,000.$

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