Sap Paper Mill is considering $$165$ million upgrade of its machinery. Once the plant is upgraded, the machinery will last for $30$ years. The upgrade is expected to generate the following net cash flows:

$$28$ million per year in the first decade after the investment

S$18$ million per year in the second decade after the investment

S$10$ million per year in the last decade of the investment

At the end of the ${30}^{th}$ year, the firm anticipates that it will be able to sell the old equipment as parts for a total salvage value of $$2$ million.

Before committing to this investment, the company asked you, their Business Consultant, to evaluate this capital budgeting project given the various sources of funding available to them. To assist you, the firm gathered the following data:

The firm's corporate tax rate is currently $21$ percent. This tax rate is not expected to change throughout the life of the project.

The company can issue $30-$year bonds with a $5\%$ coupon, paid semi$-$annually, and par value of $$1,000.$ The bonds will sell at their face value, but each bond will carry a flotation cost of $1\%$ of the par value.

The current price of the firm's $8$ percent, $$100$ par value, preferred stock is $$113.$ If the firm issues new preferred stock, the firm will have to maintain the preferred stock dividend rate constant and pay $$2$ in flotation costs per each new preferred share issued.

The firm's common stock is currently selling for $$50$ per share. Its last dividend $(D_0)$ was $$4\mathrm{.}20$ per share. Common stock dividends are expected to grow at a constant rate of $2\mathrm{.}5$ percent per year in the foreseeable future.

If the firm issues new common stock, the net proceeds per share are estimated to be $15$ percent less than the current price of common share.

Sap's beta is $1\mathrm{.}70.$ The yield on a $30-$year US Treasury Bond is $4$ percent per year, and the S&P $500$ index has a rate of return of $8$ percent per year.

The firm's target capital structure is $30$ percent long$-$term debt, $10$ percent preferred stock, and $60$ percent common stock equity.

Given this information, the firm asked you to answer the following questions and provide supporting evidence $($formulas$,$ calculations, etc$)$ behind your evaluations.

Given the above iefermation, the firm asked you wo answer the following quetions and provilet stapporting evidence is Fxel $($formulas$,$ calculations, ckis$)$ in this CAPEX project? $[$Io poiens$]$

$2.$ What is the fim's atter$-$lax cost of debr financing' $[10$ points$]$

$3.$ What is the firm's cost of peeferred stock financing? $[10$ poinst$]$

$4.$ According to the CAPM, what is the firm's cost of finanking using the retained eaming? $110$ points$]$

$5.$ According to the Gordon Goonth Model, what is the firm's cost of financing using the retained eamiag? $[10$ points$]$

$6.$ What is the firm's cost of equity, if the firm issues new common stock? $[10$ points$]$

$7.$ What is the firm's weighted average cost of eapital if the tims uses debt, preferred stock and retained camings? What cost of retained earnings did you use bere $($from step $4$ or $5)$ and why? $[15$ points$]$

$8.$ What is the firm's weighted average cost of capinal if the firm uses debt, preferted stock and equity from the new common stock issue? $[15$ poims$]$

$9.$ Should the finm linance the plant's machinery upgrade? If so$,$ how should the firm finanse is $($using the weighted average cost of eapital described in step $7$ of $8)$ and why? Provide evidence to support your recommendation $($c$.$g$.,$ calculate NPV and or IRR of the CAPEX project$)[10$ points$]$