Sarah Brown Food Products Ltd ('Brownco') is a food manufacturer based in Dublin with its registered office in the Republic of Ireland. It produces a wide range of 'instant meals' aimed primarily at students and retirees.

Brownco relies heavily on artificial food preservatives, permitted under EU law, to give its products a long shelf life. Their instant meals are very popular and have taken on cult status and reputation due to the garish colours used on the packaging and advertising. Brownco has been so successful in the domestic market in the Republic of Ireland that a year ago it decided to branch out and commenced marketing its products in other Member States of the European Union. To distinguish its products from those of other food manufacturers it redesigned the packaging for the international market so that the backs of the packets are covered with an Irish national flag (which consists of a green, white and orange tricolour) and a somewhat garish large green shamrock symbol. The fronts of the packets are unchanged.

Brownco has encountered the following problems in various European countries:

a. In Sweden, all products with artificial food preservatives are currently banned from being sold in Sweden as part of a national health campaign. It is hoped by the Swedish government that when the ban ceases in 2025, manufacturers will not go back to using artificial preservatives as they will have found natural alternatives.

b. In Germany, Brownco's products fell foul of local rules which prohibit garish green colours from being used on any products offered for sale. The reason for the rules is that it was felt that when products with garish green colours are placed next to local rivals' products on supermarket shelves, they gain an unfair advantage in that they tend to suggest that the source of the product's ingredients is organic. The prohibition was introduced under local German government laws on consumer protection.

c. In France, the government banned Brownco's products owing to the Irish tricolour flag appearing on the packaging. The French government insisted that this was not a protectionist measure but, rather, a response to a spate of shop windows being smashed in premises where products bearing a tricolour flag, other than the French tricolour flag, were sold. The French government invoked emergency powers to ban products showing any tricolour flag other than the French tricolour on the grounds of safeguarding national security.

d. Brownco wants to attend and run a stand at a food convention. Brownco wants to promote a proposed new business giving advice to local food producers on how to produce instant meals. The convention is being held in Bucharest and is sponsored by the Romanian government. The convention is to be held over four weeks. Brownco applies to the relevant Romanian government department for a stand at the convention but is refused. The reason for the refusal given by the Romanian government is that all stand-holders who are non-Romanian nationals must have either a subsidiary, which is a registered Romanian company, or a foreign branch registered in Romania. Brownco has no such registered presence in Romania. The reason given to Brownco for a registered company or branch requirement is that, since 1950, there is a national Romanian decree that security service suppliers in Romania can only offer security services to Romanian nationals.

Advise Brownco on whether it can challenge any of these national rules by relying on European Union laws in the national courts in the Member States concerned