SAS Output #1 Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr.> F Model A 1627.54474 D G 0.6355 rror B C E Corrected Total 97 90941.56122 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mea 0.017897 68.08204 30.82449 45.27551 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value er > F Mallampati 3 1627.544741 542.514914 G 0.6355 Standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > It| Intercept 51.25000000 B 15.41224441 3.33 0.0013 Mallampati 1 -1.39285714 B 16.26912399 -0.09 0.9320 Mallamnati 2 -7.86538462 B 16.18332709 -0.49 0.6281 Mallampati 3 -11.50000000 B 16.88326785 F 0.4975 Mallampati 4 0.00000000 B Least Squares Means Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey-Kramer LSMEAN Mallampati ease LSMEAN Number 49.8571429 43.3846154 DUNK 39.7500000 51.2500000 Least Squares Means for effect Mallampati Pr> It| for HO: LSMean(i)=LSMean(i Variable: ease 1 2 3 0.8039 0.6473 0.9998 0.8039 0.9734 0.9620 AWNY 0.6473 0.9734 0.9040 0.9998 0.9620 0.9040For questions 6-22, refer to SAS Output #1 and the following: Using a 0.05 significance level, you now need to test the claim that the means for actual ease of tracheal intubation scores differed between patients in the 4 Mallampati score categories by answering the questions below. 6. What are the omnibus null and alternative hypotheses? (1 point) a. Ho: M1 = M2 = 13 = M4 = 0, HI: at least one Mi # 0 b. Ho: M1 = M2 = 13 = 14, H1: MI # 127 13 7 MA C. Ho: y1 = 12 = 13 = 14, HI: y1# y2 # y3 # y4 d. Ho: M1 = M2 =M3 = M4, Hi: at least one u differs from another Mi e. Ho: y1 = y2 = y3 = y4, Hi: at least one yi differs from another y; 7. What are the independent and dependent variables? (1 point) a. Dependent = Mallampati score, independent = intubation time b. Dependent = intubation time, independent = Mallampati score c. Dependent = Mallampati score, independent = ease of tracheal intubation score d. Dependent = ease of tracheal intubation score, independent = Mallampati score e. Cannot be determined from the given information. 8. How many patients were used in this model? (0.5 point) a. 95 b. 96 c. 97 d. 98 e. 99 For questions 9-14 refer to the following: In the first table of SAS Output #1, several important values have been replaced with the letters A-G. You need to find these missing values. 9. Model Degrees of Freedom (labeled A) (0.5 point) a. UIAWN10. Error Degrees of Freedom (labeled B) (0.5 point) a. 92 b. 93 94 d. 95 e. 96 11. Sum of Square Error (labeled C) (0.5 point) a. 55.88 b. 494.74 c. 950.15 d. 89314.02 e. 92569.10 12. Mean Square Model (labeled D) (0.5 point) a. 325.51 b. 406.89 C. 542.51 d. 813.77 e. 1627.54 13. Mean Square Error (labeled E) (0.5 point) a. 930.35 b. 940.15 c. 950.15 d. 960.37 e. 970.80 14. t test statistic (labeled F) (0.5 point) a. -11.5 b. -0.68 C. 0.46 d. 0.50 e. 0.5715. What is the value of the test statistic for the omnibus null hypothesis Ho? (1 point) a. -0.09 b. 0.57 C. 0.64 d. 0.76 e. 3.33 16. What is the p-value corresponding to the test statistic in question (15)? (0.5 point) a. 0.05 b. 0.36 . 0.50 d. 0.64 e. 0.93 17. Using a 0.05 significance level, what decision and conclusion should you make regarding the omnibus null hypothesis? (1 point) a. Because p-value 0.05, we fail to reject Ho and conclude that the mean ease of intubation score does not differ significantly between patients in the four Mallampati score categories. d. Because p-value > 0.05, we fail to reject Ho and conclude that patients in all four Mallampati score categories have a significantly different mean ease of intubation score from one another. e. Because p-value > 0.05, we reject Ho and conclude that the mean ease of intubation score does differ significantly between patients in the four Mallampati score categories. 18. Assuming you rejected the omnibus null hypothesis in question 17 (this may or may not be true), what test should you conduct next? (1 point) a. Tukey test b. Bonferroni test c. Multiple comparisons test d. Any of the above are appropriate e. None of the above are appropriate19. What is the estimated mean ease of intubation score for each of the four Mguamm score categories? (1 point) rm 9-99\"? m = -l.39, #2 = -7.87, #3 = -l 1.5, 1.54 = 0 )71 = -1.39,J72 = -7.87,J73 = -11.5,J74 = 0 ll = -1.39, #2 = -7.87, #3 = -11.5, #4 = 51.25 571 = -1.39,J72 = -7.87,J73 = -11.5,J74 = 51.25 Jul = 49.86, #2 = 43.38, 113 = 39.75, #4 = 51.25 )71 = 49.86, J72 = 43.38, J73 = 39.75,}74 = 51.25 20. Do any of the four mm score categories differ signicantly in their mean ease of intubation score? If so, which one(s) differ? (1 point) 9-957. 6. Yes, #2 am Yes, #3 76m Both a and b No, the mean ease of intubation score does not differ signicantly between the four MW score categories. Cannot be determined from the given information. 21. What types of variation, if any, are being analyzed in this problem? (1 point) sup-99' We are comparing the mean ease of intubation score for four groups, which has nothing to do with variation. Variation in case of intubation score between MW score categories Variation in case of intubation score within Mailman; score categories Both b and c None of the above 22. Is there a reference cell in this problem? If so, What is it? (1 point) rune-9 9'? Yes, the reference cell is W score category 1. Yes, the reference cell is W score category 2. Yes, the reference cell is W score category 3. Yes, the reference cell is W score category 4. Yes, there is a reference cell, but the group cannot be determined with the given output. No, there is no reference cell. Difficult and failed tracheal intubations are among the principal causes of anesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Because a good laryngeal view facilitates successful tracheal intubation, new technologies have been introduced to improve visualization. The Pentax AWS is a novel video laryngoscope, available in Japan since 2006, which is designed to facilitate intubation by providing a video image of the glottis. Abdallah et al. conducted a study to examine whether intubation with the Pentax AWS would be easier and faster than with a standard Macintosh laryngoscope with a #4 blade. The sample included 99 adult patients having a body mass index between 30 and 50 kg/m who required orotracheal intubation for elective surgery. The variables collected included: GRP (1=Pentax AWS, 0=Macintosh #4 blade), AGE (years), GENDER (1=male, 0=female), BMI (body mass index in kg/m2), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status where 1=I, 2=II, 3=III, 4=IV), MALLAMPATI (score predicting ease of intubation where 1=Full visibility of tonsils, uvula and soft palate; 2=Visibility of hard and soft palate, upper portion of tonsils and uvula; 3=Soft and hard palate and base of the uvula are visible; 4-Only hard palate visible), and VIEW (Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view where 0="not good" Cormack-Lehane grade 1 or 2; 1="good" Cormack-Lehane grade 3 or 4), INTUBTIME (intubation time in seconds), and EASE (actual ease of tracheal intubation where 0-extremely easy and 100-extremely difficult). Note that patients missing data were excluded from the analysis.23. Suppose the researchers are interested in comparing the ease of intubation score between the Pentax AWS and Macintosh #4 blade groups, adjusted for the patient's age, gender, and Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view. Using the most appropriate model, select which of the following statements is true. (1 point) a. Mean ease of intubation score differs significantly based on laryngoscope group, age, gender, and Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view. b. Mean ease of intubation score does not differ significantly based on laryngoscope group, age, gender, or Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view. c. Mean ease of intubation score differs significantly based on age and gender but not laryngoscope groups or Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view. d. Mean ease of intubation score differs significantly between laryngoscope groups, after adjusting for age, gender, and Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view. e. Mean ease of intubation score does not differ significantly between laryngoscope groups, after adjusting for age, gender, and Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view