SCENARIO: Nostalgia can trigger positive affect (i.e., fond memories) as well as negative affect (i.e., longing / suffering). As such, Newman et al. (2019) wanted to develop a new measure of nostalgia to examine if nostalgia was positively or negatively linked to well-being. To measure nostalgia, Newman et al. (2019) developed the Personal Inventory of Nostalgic Experiences (PINE) scale. The PINE includes four items (e.g., "To what extent do you feel a longing to return to a former time in your life?"), each of which were rated by participants on a 7-point scale (1 = not at all, 7 = very much).

QUESTION: Newman et al. (2019) wanted to examine if the four items reflected a single unitary dimension of nostalgia or multiple dimensions of nostalgia. Which statistical analysis would be best for helping Newman et al. (2019) examine the dimensionality of their measure?

PART 1:

a. regression analysis ()

b. a correlation analysis (r)

c. factor analysis

d. analysis of variance (ANOVA)

e. Cohen's d

PART 2

QUESTION: Given this approach for measuring nostalgia, which threat to construct validity should Newman et al. (2019) be most concerned about?

a.xplacebo effects

b. selection threats

c. observer bias

d. response sets

e. instrumentation threats

PART 3

HYPOTHESES: Newman et al. (2019) hypothesized that nostalgia would be negatively correlated with satisfaction with life because people want to avoid facing current challenges by focusing on the past. Because avoidance motivations are thought to be separate from approach motivations, if Newman's hypothesis is true, the PINE should be negatively correlated with satisfaction-with-life; positively correlated with depression, avoidance motivations, and a focus on past events; and not correlated with approach motivations or a focus on future events.

RESULTS:

VARIABLE	N	correlation with PINE (r)
Approach motivation	231	.01
Avoidance motivation	231	.22**
Focus on past	356	.40**
Focus on future	356	-.02
Satisfaction-with-life	526	-.08
Depression	220	.35**

Note. *p < .05; **p < .01

QUESTION: What do the results for satisfaction-with-life suggest?

a. The results suggest that Newman et al.'s hypothesis about discriminant validity IS supported. PINE scores are not significantly correlated with satisfaction-with-life scores.

b. The results suggest that Newman et al.'s hypothesis about discriminant validity is NOT supported. PINE scores are significantly correlated with satisfaction-with-life scores.

c. The results suggest that Newman et al.'s hypothesis about convergent validity IS supported. PINE scores are significantly correlated with satisfaction-with-life scores.

d. The results suggest that Newman et al.'s hypothesis about convergent validity is NOT supported. PINE scores are not significantly correlated with satisfaction-with-life scores.