The company has specifically asked that you also write a narrative that explains how each selected disorder might affect a person's ability to be employed. The company plans to share this information with employers in hopes of increasing education and reducing stigma surrounding psychological disorders. After completing the table and receiving feedback, you will write your narrative. My narrative needs to incorporate this feedback (Different signs and symptoms of them and how they can impact the workplace, Introduction and conclusion need to be corrected. Check my APA format. My chart is fine. My narrative needs to match my chart. Do not use the example in the chart.

Disorder	Symptoms	Population affected (include age & gender)	Possible co-occurring disorders	Cultural importance	Influence of heredity/biology
Example: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)	Two or more distinct personalities; severe trauma in childhood; memory lapses of everyday events, symptoms cause issues with social or daily functioning, it is not part of a religious practice; it is not due the effects of a substance (APA-1, 2013)	Diagnosis tends to be more in females, likely due to males being less likely to seek treatment and admit the symptoms occur (APA-1, 2013). Trauma must take place prior to a specific age in childhood, but there is little understanding of why at this time.	PTSD, Alcohol Use Disorder (possibly by an alter but not the host); Substance Use Disorder (possibly by an alter but not the host); Other Anxiety Disorders such as Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Obsessive Compulsive Disorder; Personality Disorders (APA, 2018)	Largely only recognized in the United States; Some cultures may consider this solely coping while others may consider it a religious experience or possession (APA-1, 2013)	Currently there is no connection biologically as the condition requires a traumatic event to develop; however there is some evidence that there is a possibility someone will utilize this coping mechanism if they have witnessed a parent utilize it.
Bipolar Disorder	You have experienced at least one manic episode, which may have been followed or preceded by serious depressed or hypomanic episodes. Mania can sometimes lead to psychosis, or a detachment from reality.(Mayo Clinic, 2021)	According to the National Institute of Mental Health, bipolar disorder often manifests at age 25, while it can also manifest in early childhood or even later in life, as in the 40s and 50s. Bipolar disorder affects men and women equally and affects people of all ages, races, ethnic groups, and socioeconomic classes.(Bipolar Disorder Statistics, n.d.)	Many people with bipolar disorder additionally suffer from anxiety problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), substance abuse, or eating issues.(Bipolar Disorder, n.d.)	Bipolar disorder is prevalent worldwide; however it is typically misdiagnosed among minority groups. The experience of bipolar disorder varies by race. Individuals with strong religious beliefs may seek spiritual guidance rather than medical treatment.(Akinhanmi et al., 2018)	This condition is mostly transmissible between close relatives, such as parents and children, rather than between cousins. Bipolar illness is also frequently diagnosed in family members if there is a history of other mood disorders, such as anxiety or depression. (Bipolar Disorder: MedlinePlus Genetics, n.d.)
Heroin Addiction(Substance Abuse)	Feeling compelled to take the drug on a frequent basis, perhaps many times a day. Having strong drug cravings that prevent you from thinking of anything else. Gradually requiring more drugs to have the same result. Spending money on drugs while not having the necessary funds. Cutting back on social or recreational activities or failing to fulfill work and commitment due to drug use. keeping up the drug usage despite being aware of its negative effects on your life and its potential to cause physical or psychological harm.Stealing or engaging in other actions you wouldn't ordinarily take in order to obtain the substance. (Drug Addiction (Substance Use Disorder) - Symptoms and Causes, n.d.)	Many people from different age, social, cultural, and economic backgrounds use heroin. The majority of heroin users are above 30, while first-time users are typically in their teens or 20s.(20143 Heroin, n.d.)	Numerous conditions, including depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, bipolar illness, PTSD, personality disorders, eating disorders, body dysmorphia, ADHD, and OCD, can either cause or contribute to drug use.	Although heroin use is prevalent in practically every culture and nation, Iran has the greatest heroin addiction globally. This is mostly because they produce a lot of opium. However, heroin abuse has received a lot of media attention in various cultures since it is glamorized in films and television shows and is demonstrated by celebrities overdose on the drug, which minimizes its danger.	Heroin misuse is not just inherited when family members abuse the drug. Family members who use heroin, however, do raise the likelihood that someone will try the drug and develop an addiction to it. Nonetheless, the reason people keep using drugs to get that delightful feeling (high) is because we grow reliant on the chemical release in the brain.(What Causes Addiction? Here's What You Need to Know, n.d.)
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)	Experiencing memories of past events in flashback. having dreams about past experiences, feeling emotionally numb, thinking bad ideas about oneself and the world, and feeling cut off from other people. These symptoms are typically triggered by having gone through a traumatic experience, like a war, rape, assault, kidnapping, etc. (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), 2016)	Although this can occur at any age, women are more likely than men to suffer it, despite the fact that men are subjected to more traumatic situations overall.("Women Are Diagnosed with PTSD More than Men, Even Though They Encounter Fewer Traumatic Events," n.d.)	The most common comorbid diagnoses are depressive disorders, substance use disorders, and other anxiety disorders. The comorbidity of PTSD and depressive disorders is of particular interest. Across a number of studies, these are the disorders most likely to co-occur with PTSD. (Brady et al., 2000)	Although culture, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and disability all be sources of resilience, they can also result in long-term stressors including discrimination, social stigma, and oppression, which can exacerbate PTSD and psychological trauma.(Ford et al., 2015)	The evidence supporting the idea that PTSD is inherited or affected by biology is weak. Even if a child has never experienced a traumatic event, they may still be susceptible to PTSD if they have observed a family member, such as a parent, experience the symptoms of the disorder.(Nugent et al., 2008)

Narrative:

PSYC120- Portfolio Project

Devin Sloan

The biological, psychological, and sociological approaches provide essential insights into potential disorders that individuals may develop from childhood through adulthood. These three models differ primarily because each disorder has unique origins and impacts on the individual. The disorders I have examined in the chart include Bipolar 1 Disorder, Heroin Abuse, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. These conditions significantly disrupt individuals' lives, preventing them from leading a normal life due to the symptoms associated with these disorders (Gotkiewicz, 2018).

The three models propose that various disorders originate from distinct causes, yet they share a common characteristic: they categorize behaviors, not the individuals with the disorder. This is evident in biological models that focus on brain chemistry. Psychological models attribute the issue to unconscious thoughts that resurface unknowingly. Meanwhile, the sociocultural model examines the individual's cultural context to determine if a behavior is normal or abnormal, and if it's culturally learned. Despite their shared approach, these models exist separately because they each perceive the cause of each disorder to vary from person to person.

The biological model posits that mental disorders stem from an imbalance of brain chemicals. This perspective is rooted in scientific research. On the other hand, the psychological model suggests that these disorders are a result of learned behaviors influenced by one's environment during their formative years. This presents a classic nature versus nurture debate, with the environment being implicated as the cause of such behaviors. Finally, the sociocultural model offers a different perspective, arguing that behaviors perceived as abnormal in one context may be considered normal within the cultural framework of the individual. This model emphasizes the role of cultural norms and societal influences in defining what is considered abnormal behavior (McLeod, 2023).

The significance of employing the biopsychosocial model in diagnosing and treating disorders lies in its comprehensive approach. This model acknowledges that a disorder may not stem from a single cause, thus necessitating a multifaceted treatment plan, potentially including medication and tailored therapy. Furthermore, cultural understanding is crucial in treatment planning. Certain treatments, like specific medications, may not be culturally acceptable, and should be considered carefully when discussing treatment options.

The chart above refers to three specific disorders: Bipolar 1 Disorder, Heroin Abuse, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. These conditions are typically diagnosed when they start to interfere with an individual's daily life, including their ability to maintain employment and behave appropriately at work. Bipolar 1 Disorder is characterized by extreme mood swings, ranging from manic highs to depressive lows. Without appropriate treatment, a person with this disorder may appear normal at times, but can suddenly shift into a manic episode, characterized by high energy, grandiose beliefs, and excessive spending. Conversely, they may also experience depressive episodes, marked by a lack of energy and desire to socialize. These mood shifts can occur unpredictably. Therefore, it's crucial for individuals with Bipolar 1 Disorder to receive proper medication to regulate their brain chemistry, as well as therapy to address unresolved issues. If these behaviors manifest frequently in the workplace without professional diagnosis and treatment, it could lead to job loss.

The addiction to heroin can prevent an individual from maintaining consistent employment, as securing their next dose becomes their primary focus. Initially, they might perform well in a job, but over time, their behavior may become erratic, or their attendance may decline, leading to issues at work. Furthermore, many employers today mandate drug tests prior to hiring, which would likely result in such individuals not being employed in the first place.

The employment capacity of an individual can be significantly impacted by Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), as the disorder's unpredictable flashbacks, rooted in traumatic experiences, can occur at any moment. Individuals with PTSD may steer clear of interacting with coworkers or entering environments that evoke memories of their trauma or resemble the setting where the traumatic event occurred. This avoidance behavior could lead to frequent absences if they are already employed or deter them from seeking certain types of jobs. Additionally, they may refrain from performing specific tasks at their workplace, which could eventually lead to disciplinary actions, including termination.

Therefore, if left unaddressed, these disorders can significantly impact an individual's way of life. However, the success of any treatment largely depends on the individual's willingness to seek help. The biopsychosocial approach is crucial in treating these disorders, as it recognizes the unique presentation of the disorder in each person and the fact that a medication effective for one may not necessarily work for another. Until the appropriate medication and therapy are identified and implemented, individuals with these disorders may find it extremely challenging to manage daily life and maintain employment.

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