Select 3 of the following topics. Provide responses in detai per topic also include reference

• 1-Describe the necessary elements of determining a causal relationship. Discuss what we can do in our research design to establish each of these elements.2
• 2-Describe at least three threats to internal validity and how we can try to counteract each of them through our research design.
• 3-Discuss how we approach single-subject (very small sample) research. Describe at least two specific examples of small subject designs.
• 4-Explain the pros and cons of each descriptive statistics, inferential statistics (statistical testing, p-values) and effect sizes.
• 5-Discuss the primary ways that program evaluation is similar to, as well as different from traditional social research.
• 6-Discuss why cultural competence is a critical component of social research and at least three ways that it is promoted through our research methods.