Selected balance sheet and income statement information from Amazon for 2016 through 2018 follows.

$ millions	2018	2017	2016
Net operating profit after tax (NOPAT)	$10,429	$3,061	$2,428
Net income	9,569	2,881	2,252
Operating profit	11,800	3,901	3,977
Interest expense	1,275	763	436
Cash from operating activities	29,187	17,447	16,343
Current assets	71,346	57,187	43,492
Current liabilities	61,552	52,095	39,434
Cash and cash equivalents	30,163	19,496	18,367
Marketable securities	9,025	9,941	6,315
Total debt	21,146	22,269	6,925
Assets	154,516	124,745	79,232
Liabilities	107,189	93,241	57,705
Equity	39,194	24,938	17,357
Net operating assets (NOA)	23,215	19,319	898

a. Compute profitability measures RNOA and ROE for 2018 and 2017. In which year are the measures stronger? Round answers to one decimal place (ex: 0.2345 = 23.5%).

	2018	2017
RNOA	Answer	Answer
ROE	Answer	Answer

b. Compute coverage metrics Times interest earned and Cash from operating activities to total debt for 2018 and 2017. Round answers to two decimal places.

	2018	2017
Times interest earned	Answer	Answer
Cash from operating activities to total debt	Answer	Answer

c. Determine liquidity for the company for 2018 and 2017 by computing the current ratio and quick ratio. Round answers to two decimal places.

	2018	2017
Current ratio	Answer	Answer
Quick ratio	Answer	Answer

d. Compute the Total liabilitiestoequity ratio and the Total debt to equity ratio for 2018 and 2017. Round answers to two decimal places.

	2018	2017
Total liabilities-to-equity	Answer	Answer
Total debt to equity	Answer	Answer