Several cybercrime investigations face challenges when dealing with email accounts created that are operated by countries that aren't willing to cooperate with other countries. This situation requires a multi-faceted approach combining legal, diplomatic, and technical strategies to obtain the necessary data. The primary basis for receiving data from foreign jurisdictions in an investigation is through MLATs (Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties). These agreements provide a formal request to obtain evidence for criminal investigations. This process can be slow, sometimes taking months to years to complete. "Cyber security has become a component of the security of all states, which, according to international conventions and treaties, can be achieved through the knowledge, prevention, and counteraction of attacks and threats, as well as by diminishing the vulnerabilities of cyberinfrastructure for the effective management of all security risks prevention, and fight against cybercrime and, last but not least, cyber defense" (Domocos, 2024 p.331).

One of the key strategies for obtaining legal data is to leverage existing legal channels. In an investigation, it's crucial to prepare comprehensive requests that meet all treaty requirements and provide sufficient information to justify such requests. The investigation should work closely with the Office of International Affairs at the Department of Justice to monitor if requests are transmitted. Another vital strategy is to engage with international law enforcement networks. This involves utilizing INTERPOL's communication system and participating in joint investigations that involve multiple jurisdictions. This international collaboration is a testament to the global effort to prevent international crime. "INTERPOL is the world's largest international police organization, formed by countries around the world to prevent international crime. Today, 194 countries are members of the organization" (NEC and INTERPOL partner to strengthen cyber security, 2019). Collaboration with cybercrime units in other countries to share information and the best practices is a powerful tool in the fight against cybercrime. Another strategy is to utilize technical investigative techniques such as conducting open-source intelligence while gathering additional leads and evidence. Verifying email headers and metadata to trace the origin and the path of suspicious emails and utilizing IP address lookup tools and databases to identify associated Internet Service Providers.

While pursuing these strategies, it's crucial to keep in mind the ethical and legal considerations, ensuring that all actions comply with the laws and respect the sovereignty of foreign nations. "Prosecutors investigating cross-border offenses (including almost all cybercrimes) must instead follow one of a few different procedures for obtaining evidence overseas. Most are time-consuming, labor-intensive, and costly, and none is ideal. With transnational cybercrime impacting businesses and municipalities at staggering rates, we need better processes for law enforcement to obtain the data that are critical to solving these devastating crimes" (Vance et al.,2023 p.34). The investigation must adhere to privacy laws and data protection regulations and document all steps taken to obtain evidence while maintaining the chain of custody. When dealing with email-based crimes originating from uncooperative jurisdictions, it requires a comprehensive approach that combines multiple strategies. It also includes advanced investigative techniques which will require law enforcement to improve upon their ability to obtain crucial information for cybercrime investigations. It will require a flexible approach, adopting strategies that involve different challenges that each case faces and maintaining within the legal and ethical boundaries. With the landscape of cybercrime continuing to evolve, it's crucial to remain adaptable and responsive, adjusting our methods to investigate and prosecute these offenses across international borders.

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