Should organizations emphasize leadership qualities and competencies more during the hiring and promotion processes to mitigate managerial incompetence? To what extent is managerial incompetence a result of inadequate training and development programs within organizations? Is it the responsibility of individual managers to proactively seek training and development opportunities to overcome their incompetence, or should organizations be more proactive in providing such resources? Is managerial incompetence more prevalent in hierarchical organizational structures compared to those with flatter, decentralized structures