Show the output of the following codes if:

call by value is used

call by value-result is used

call by reference is used

proc (int x, int y) {

x=x+y;

y=x+y;

cout << x << " " << y << endl;

}

main () {

int y = 2, x = 3;

proc (x, y);

cout << x << " " << y << endl;

proc (x, x);

cout << x << " " << y << endl;

}

void proc (int x, int y, int z) {

x=y+z;

y=x+z;

z=x+y;

cout << x << " " << y << " " << z << endl;

}

int main () {

int a = 1, b = 2;

proc (a, a, b);

cout << a << " " << b << endl;

proc (a, b, b);

cout << a << " " << b << endl;

}

Give the output and trace the call stack for the following 2 programs

1.

void Uno (int x) {

cout << "Uno B " << x << endl;

if (x > 0)

Uno(x-1);

cout << "Uno E " << x << endl;

}

void Dos (int x) {

cout << "Dos B " << x << endl;

Uno(x-1);

cout << "Dos E " << x << endl;

}

int main(){

Dos (2);

Dos (3);

cout << "l8r" << endl;

return 0;

}

2.

void Bubba (int x) {

cout << "B " << x << endl;

if (x > 0) {

Bubba(x-2);

cout << "M " << x << endl;

Bubba(x-1);

}

cout << "E " << x << endl;

}

int main(){

Bubba(2);

cout << "l8r" << endl;

return 0;

}

There are related question so I would appreciate if you answer them both.

Thanks in advance