SOC 332 W2 Q2 Chapters 3 & 4 Question 1 of 20 A correlation describes the relationship between two: A.equal-interval numeric variables 1.0 Points B.scatterplots C.standard deviations D.horizontal axes Question 2 of 20 1.0 Points Which of these statements is TRUE when drawing a scatter diagram? A.The highest number should start where the axes meet. B.The variable that predicts the other goes on the vertical axis. C.The variable that predicts the other goes on the horizontal axis. D.The variable that is being predicted goes on the horizontal axis. Question 3 of 20 1.0 Points What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation? A.In a negative correlation high scores go with high scores and low with low; in a positive correlation high scores go with low scores and low with high. B.In a negative correlation high scores go with low scores and low with high; in a positive correlation high scores go with high scores and low with low. C.Negative correlations are curvilinear; positive correlations are straight lines. D.Negative correlations represent a weak relationship; positive correlations represent a strong relationship. 1.0 Points A researcher discovers that if people eat a certain fruit before a test, the more fruit eaten, the better they do on the test. Beyond a certain point, however, the more fruit eaten the worse people do on the test. The relation between amount of fruit eaten and how well people do on the test is an example of: A.a positive linear correlation Question 4 of 20 B.a curvilinear correlation C.a negative linear correlation D.no correlation Question 5 of 20 1.0 Points A study found that absenteeism from work had a negative linear correlation with job satisfaction. This means that: A.the higher the level of job satisfaction, the higher the level of absenteeism B.the lower the level of job satisfaction, the higher the level of absenteeism C.the lower the level of job satisfaction, the lower the level of absenteeism D.level of job satisfaction is unrelated to absenteeism Question 6 of 20 When is the correlation coefficient zero? A.It is never zero 1.0 Points B.When there is no linear correlation C.When there is a perfect positive linear correlation D.When there is a perfect negative linear correlation Question 7 of 20 1.0 Points Researchers say that a correlation is significant if: A.the dots appear to form a straight line on the scatter diagram B.there is a small probability, such as 5% or 1%, that you could have obtained a correlation this big if in fact there had been no correlation in the population at large C.the correlation is .05 or greater (or below -.05 if negative). D.there is a large probability (.50 or larger) that this correlation is greater than that computed in standard tables of what is called the chi-square distribution 1.0 Points If researchers were to measure a couples' level of exciting activities at one time and then examine the quality of their marriages several years later (as done by Tsapelas, Aron, & Orbuch, 2009), they would be carrying out a: A.regression analysis Question 8 of 20 B.longitudinal study C.true experiment D.single case design Question 9 of 20 1.0 Points Figuring the multiple correlation coefficient allows you to: A.view the correlation between different predictor variables, ignoring the criterion variable B.view each predictor variable separately and correlate it with the criterion variable C.correlate more than two predictor variables with more than two criterion variables D.view the overall correlation between a number of predictor variables and one criterion variable Question 10 of 20 1.0 Points Sometimes a correlation coefficient is used to describe the consistency of a measure or test. One way to assess the consistency of a measure is to use it with the same group of people twice. The correlation between the two testings is: A.correlation matrix B.test-retest reliability C.intrarater reliability D.criterion validity Question 11 of 20 1.0 Points If you were looking at a graph of a normal distribution, which of the following would best describe it? A.Bimodal and roughly symmetrical B.Unimodal, roughly symmetrical, and bell-shaped C.Skewed to the right D.Roughly symmetrical and W-shaped Question 12 of 20 1.0 Points The _____________ explains why many distributions tend to be close to normal in the real world. A.central limit theorem B.normal curve table C.Pythagorean theorem D.triples list calculation Question 13 of 20 1.0 Points Relative frequency is: A.the expected number of times you will obtain a particular outcome in an experiment B.how frequently a result occurs C.what result you expect if you repeat an experiment frequently D.the number of times something occurs relative to the number of times it could have occurred Question 14 of 20 The fact that probabilities are proportions means that they: A.have to be larger than one 1.0 Points B.can't be lower than zero or more than one C.can't be lower than zero or more than .05 D.can be either a positive or a negative number Question 15 of 20 1.0 Points In figuring probabilities, expected relative frequency is: A.how many times something happens B.the result of an experiment C.the number of successful outcomes divided by the number of total outcomes expected if you repeat an experiment a large number of times D.the number of unsuccessful outcomes multiplied by the number of successful outcomes expected if you repeat an experiment a large number of times 1.0 Points You have an aquarium full of tropical salt-water fish and you need to know the exact salt content of the water. To test it, you take a cup and scoop some of the water out. In statistical language, the scoop of water is a: A.population Question 16 of 20 B.parameter C.sample D.population distribution Question 17 of 20 1.0 Points You want to study the general amount of drug use at your university. You obtain a complete list of students. You then put all the names into a box and have a blindfolded person select as many people as you needed. This is called: A.random selection B.haphazard selection C.specified selection D.type B selection Question 18 of 20 1.0 Points You want to study the physical effects of caffeine. To recruit participants for your experiment you post a sign-up sheet for anyone willing to participate. This is an example of: A.random selection B.haphazard selection C.stratified selection D.type B selection Question 19 of 20 1.0 Points Whenever possible, researchers report the proportion of individuals approached for a study who actually participated. This is called: A.attrition rate B.random selection rate C.approach rate D.response rate Question 20 of 20 1.0 Points The actual values of the mean, variance, and standard deviation of a population are called: A.sample statistics B.population parameters C.population Z scores D.regressed standardized scores SOC 332 Week 3 Quiz 3 Question 1 of 25 0.8 Points What is a hypothesis? A.a procedure for using descriptive statistics in research B.a set of theories about certain facts, relationships, or events C.a prediction about the results of a research study D.a way of quantifying the normal curve Question 2 of 25 0.8 Points A researcher tests whether a new teaching method is more effective than the old one. What is the RESEARCH hypothesis? A.The new teaching method is more effective than the old teaching method. B.The old teaching method is more effective than the new teaching method. C.There is no difference in effectiveness between the old teaching method and the new teaching method. D.There is some difference in effectiveness between the old teaching method and the new teaching method, but which is more effective is not predicted. Question 3 of 25 0.8 Points A researcher tests whether there is any difference between how fast people work in the morning versus how fast they work in the evening. What is the NULL hypothesis? A.People who work in the morning work faster. B.People who work at night work faster. C.There is some difference, but which is faster is not predicted. D.There is no difference in the speed at which people work. Question 4 of 25 What represents the situation in which the null hypothesis is true? A.the comparison distribution 0.8 Points B.the directional distribution C.the nondirectional distribution D.a one-tailed test Question 5 of 25 0.8 Points A result is considered statistically significant when a sample value is so extreme that: A.the research hypothesis is rejected B.the null hypothesis is accepted C.the research hypothesis is accepted D.the null hypothesis is rejected Question 6 of 25 0.8 Points How do you determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis? A.If the Z score is less than 1 or greater than +1 B.If the Z score is greater than +2.5 C.Compare the Z score needed to reject the null hypothesis to the actual sample Z score D.Compare the standard deviation of the sample to the standard deviation of the population Question 7 of 25 If the null hypothesis is rejected, the researcher can conclude that the results: 0.8 Points A.support the research hypothesis B.prove that the research hypothesis is true C.were inconclusive D.support the null hypothesis 0.8 Points Question 8 of 25 Which of the following is NOT a correct statement of one of the five steps of hypothesis testing? A.Restate the question as a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis about the populations. B.Determine the characteristics of the comparison distribution. C.Determine the cutoff score on the sample distribution at which the research hypothesis should be rejected. D.Decide whether to reject the null hypothesis. Reset Selection Question 9 of 25 There is a special complication when using a two-tailed test. The researcher must: 0.8 Points A.multiply the significance percentage by .05 B.divide the significance percentage by .05 C.divide up the significance percentage between the two tails of the distribution D.divide up the significance percentage by the four quartiles of the distribution Question 10 of 25 A Type I error is the result of: 0.8 Points A.improper measurement techniques on the part of the researcher B.failing to reject the null hypothesis when, in fact, it is true C.incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis D.incorrectly accepting the null hypothesis Question 11 of 25 Type II errors concern scientists because: 0.8 Points A.it could mean that a good theory or beneficial practice is not used B.it means that the experiment must be repeated to confirm the positive result C.rejecting the null hypothesis should only occur when the research hypothesis is true D.future researchers might build entire theories based on a mistakenly significant result Question 12 of 25 0.8 Points The distribution of means is also called: A.distribution of samples of means B.standard deviation of the mean C.sampling distribution of the mean D.sampling distribution of the mode Question 13 of 25 0.8 Points The distribution of means is the correct comparison distribution when: A.there is more than one person in a sample B.there is less than one person in a sample C.the mean is greater than the median in your sample D.the mode is equal to the mean and median in your sample Question 14 of 25 0.8 Points Knowledge of what three important characteristics of the comparison distribution is required for hypothesis testing? A.the median, mean, and variance B.the mean, median, and mode C.the mean, spread, and shape D.the mean, standard deviation, and size Question 15 of 25 0.8 Points In general, the shape of a distribution of means tends to be: A.unimodal, symmetrical B.bimodal, symmetrical C.unimodal, skewed D.rectangular, symmetrical Question 16 of 25 0.8 Points As the number of individuals in each sample gets larger, the distribution of means: A.begins to look less and less like the normal curve (in terms of shape) B.becomes a better approximation of the normal curve (in terms of shape) C.becomes more positively skewed D.becomes more negatively skewed Question 17 of 25 0.8 Points When a researcher has obtained a particular sample mean from a study, he or she compares it to: A.the parameters of the known population distribution B.an estimated distribution figured based on earlier research findings C.the distribution of means of all the possible samples in the experimental condition from the research D.the distribution of means that would arise if the null hypothesis were true Question 18 of 25 0.8 Points A distribution of means will be less spread out than the population of individuals from which the samples are taken because: A.in a sample of scores, extremes tend to be balanced out, leaving fewer extreme means B.in a sample of scores, there tend to be multiple extreme means C.each sample is based on randomly selected individuals from the population D.the more individuals in each sample, the more spread out will be the sample means Question 19 of 25 0.8 Points The standard deviation of the distribution of means is also known as the: A.population standard deviation B.variance of the error mean C.standard error of the population D.standard error of the mean Question 20 of 25 0.8 Points With samples of 30 or more individuals, the approximation of the distribution of means will be: A.a bimodal distribution B.a rectangular distribution C.a normal curve D.the distribution of Z scores Question 21 of 25 0.8 Points The variance of a distribution of means is the variance of the population of individuals: A.multiplied by the number of individuals in each sample B.divided by the number of individuals in each sample C.squared D.divided by the mean of the population Question 22 of 25 0.8 Points All of the following types of distributions are important for hypothesis testing EXCEPT: A.the distribution of a population of individuals B.the distribution of a particular sample of individuals taken from the population C.the distribution of R scores D.the distribution of means Question 23 of 25 0.8 Points The difference between creating a Z score from a single score and creating one from a sample mean is that: A.you use the mean and standard deviation from the distribution of means B.the estimated population variance is used directly C.the difference score is divided by the sample's standard deviation D.only the population's mean is used Question 24 of 25 0.8 Points The Z score of the sample mean on the distribution of means is: A.different from a normal Z score because an estimated population standard deviation is used B.smaller than normal due to the reduced variance in the distribution of means C.conceptually similar to creating a Z score from a raw score D.equivalent to the sample mean divided by the population variance Question 25 of 25 The best estimate of the population mean is the: A.population median B.sample mode C.sample median D.sample mean 0.8 Points INSERT NAME HERE by double-clicking the header, erasing this font, and adding your information. Weekly ASSIGNMENT #2 Mental Math: [10 points] Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., Krieger_SOCI332_Weekly Assignment 2.doc) and submit via \"Assignments.\" When appropriate, show your work. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work. 1. Which of the alternatives best describes the pattern of scores on the scatter diagram below? A) B) C) D) 2. Which of the alternatives best describes the pattern of scores on the scatter diagram below? A) B) C) D) 3. No correlation Curvilinear correlation Positive linear correlation Negative linear correlation No correlation Curvilinear correlation Positive linear correlation Negative linear correlation Which of the alternatives best describes the pattern of scores graphed below? A) B) C) D) No correlation Curvilinear correlation Positive linear correlation Negative linear correlation INSERT NAME HERE by double-clicking the header, erasing this font, and adding your information. 4. Which of the alternatives best describes the pattern of scores graphed below? A) B) C) D) 5. Strong positive linear correlation Weak negative linear correlation Strong curvilinear correlation Weak positive linear correlation A researcher studying the relation of similarity to attraction reported the following results: Person Tested J.L. K.M. L.B. R.C. M = 3.25 Similarity X ZX 1 1.17 6 1.43 2 .65 4 .39 SD = 1.92 Attraction Y ZY 3 1.18 5 .39 6 0 10 1.57 M = 6 SD = 2.55 r = .36 a. Give the Z score prediction formula for predicting attraction from similarity. b. Predict the attraction to a person for whom the similarity is rated as a 5. Show your math. c. Explain what you have done to a person who is familiar with correlation but not with regression. INSERT NAME HERE by double-clicking the header, erasing this font, and adding your information. SPSS ASSIGNMENT [10 points] Creating Scatter Diagrams and More Review and follow the steps in your text and you may want to keep SPSS Statistics 21 Brief Guide handy just in case. 1a. The following have been prepared so that data sets B through D are slightly modified versions of data set A. Make scatter diagrams and figure the correlation coefficients for each data set. DATA SET A X Y 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 DATA SET B X Y 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 4 DATA SET C X Y 1 5 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 1 [Insert Scatter Diagrams here] 1b. Discuss how and why the correlations change. DATA SET D X Y 1 1 2 4 3 3 4 2 5 5 INSERT NAME HERE by double-clicking the header, erasing this font, and adding your information. Correlations Review the steps in your text and you may want to keep SPSS Statistics 21 Brief Guide handy just in case. 2. Enter the following data into SPSS. Determine the correlation between hours of studying and grade point average in these honor students. Copy and paste your SPSS results into this document. Explain your results. Hours of Studying 23 12 15 14 16 21 14 11 18 9 GPA 3.95 3.90 4.00 3.76 3.97 3.89 3.66 3.91 3.80 3.89 Submit the following files to the Drop Box no later than Sunday of Week 2: Word file (this file) saved as Krieger_SOCI332_Weekly Assignment 2.doc SPSS output file (.spv) saved as Krieger_SPSS-week2_output The deadline for this assignment is 11:59 PM EST on Sunday of Week 2 SOC. 332 Week 2 Question 2 Week 2 Forum ( 6 messages - 6 unread ) Hide Full Description My topic will be child abuse but I have no idea what my variables are to be. This week's main Forum requires you to answer the question completely and correctly to receive full credit. Now that you have uploaded the GSS dataset into your SPSS and have taken a look at the Codebook, you are going to create and post a frequency table of your variables. Complete the following steps: 1. Give your forum title a unique label specific to your study/variables 2. Post a brief explanation of your topic 3. Include frequency tables and histograms for each of your variables 4. Explain this data in no more than 5 sentences (each variable) To create a frequency table in SPSS: 1. Open SPSS and open your GSS data file 2. Click Analyze 3. Click Descriptive Statistics 4. Click Frequencies o click open Statistics o make sure that mean, median, mode, standards deviation, and variance are chosen and click Continue 5. Choose the variable that you want to make a frequency table of and click the arrow (this will move it into the right 'Variable' box) 6. Click OK To Create a Histogram, 1. Follow steps 1-4 above (without worrying about the Statistics). 2. Click Charts 3. Click Histograms 4. Click OK 5. Continue with steps 5-6 Export all of the frequency tables and histograms by copy and pasting them into the textbox below