Sound Tek Inc, manufactures electronic stereo equipment. The manufacturing process includes printed circuit (PC) board assembly, final assembly, testing, and shipping. In the PC board assembly operation, a number of individuals are responsible for assembling electronic components into printed circuit boards. Each operator is responsible for soldering components according to a given set of instructions. Operators work on batches of 50 printed circuit boards. Each board requires 4 minutes of board assembly time. After each batch is completed, the operator moves the assembled boards to the final assembly area. This move takes 10 minutes to complete. The final assembly for each stereo unit requires 20 minutes and is also done in batches of 50 units. A batch of 50 stereos is moved into the test building, which is across the street. The move takes 20 minutes. Before conducting the test, the test equipment must be set up for the particular stereo model. The test Setup requires 30 minutes. The units wait while the setup is performed. In the final test, the 50-unit batch s tested one at a time. Each test requires 10 minutes. The completed batch, after all testing, is sent to Shipping for packaging and final shipment to customers. A complete batch of 50 units is sent from testing co shipping. The Shipping Department is located next to testing. Thus, there is no move time between hese two operations. Packaging and labeling requires 7 minutes per unit. 1. Determine the amount of value-added and non-value-a ount or value-added and non-value-added lead time and the value-added ratio ne Ulan average stereo unit in a batch of 50 units. Categorize the non-value-added time into wan and move time. Round the percentage to one decimal place. min. Value-added lead time Non-value-added lead time: Wait time lead time Move time lead time Total non-value-added lead time Total lead time Value-added ratio (as a percent) min. min. min. min. % 2. Move time in this process could best be reduced by: a. Doing nothing. b. Changing the layout from a process orientation to a product orientation. c. Increasing batch sizes. d. Eliminating the testing step. e. Hiring more workers