Specify the class of address and the subnet ID for the following cases:

$($a$)$ A packet with IP address $127\mathrm{.}168\mathrm{.}28\mathrm{.}31$ using mask pattern $255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}0$

$($b$)$ A packet with IP address $150\mathrm{.}126\mathrm{.}21\mathrm{.}14$ using mask pattern $255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}128$

$($c$)$ A packet with IP address $188\mathrm{.}145\mathrm{.}86\mathrm{.}1$ using mask pattern $255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}255\mathrm{.}128$

You are required to show details steps for your provided answer.

For Subnet ID$,$ you need to determine which bits are part of the subnet and then convert only those

bits to decimal to get the ID$.$