Stakeholders have argued that the criminalization or illegalization of particular acts may produce further harm. Identify and discuss two issues in which stakeholders have argued for the decriminalization (or against the criminalization or illegalization) of particular actions or behaviours as a means of reducing harm.

readings to use :

Potter, H. (2013). Intersectional criminology: Interrogating identity and power in criminological research and theory. Critical Criminology, 21(3), 305-318. McGuire, M.M. (2023). Exposing the complexities of the colonial project. In C. Cunneen, A. Deckert, A. Porter, J. Tauri & R. Webb (Eds.), The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice (pp. 11-21). Routledge. Available at: https://www-taylorfranciscom.proxy.library.brocku.ca/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9781003176619-3/exposingcomplexities-colonial-project-michaela-mcguire?context=ubx&refId=5071a197-6cda4919-8795-69f911562ee9

Required Readings (one of the following): Samuels-Wortley, K. (2021). To serve and protect whom? Using composite counterstorytelling to explore Black and Indigenous youth experiences and perceptions of the police in Canada. Crime & Delinquency, 67(8), 1137-1164. Smith Lee, J.R. & Robinson, M.A. (2019). "That's my number one fear in life. It's the police": Examining young Black men's exposures to trauma and loss resulting from police violence and police killings. Journal of Black Psychology, 45(3), 143-184. Content warning: This reading includes first-hand accounts of police violence against Black men, and fatalities caused by police. I will discuss the content warning in class. You have the option of not reading this source if it is too distressing.

Required Readings (one of the following) Human Rights Watch. (2013). Those Who Take Us Away: Abusive Policing and Failures in Protection of Indigenous Women and Girls in Northern British Columbia, Canada. https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/02/13/those-who-take-us-away/abusive-policing-andfailures-protection-indigenous-women. You are only required to read Section II: Abusive Policing of Indigenous Women and Girls (pg.46-65, PDF available on Brightspace). Content warning: This reading includes first-hand accounts of police violence against women and girls. I will discuss the content warning in class. You have the option of not reading this source if it is too distressing. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. (2019). Pathway to violence: Lack of will and insufficient institutional responses. In Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry Into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, Volume 1a (pp. 648-655). National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2019/06/Final_Report_Vol_1a-1.pdf

Required Readings (both of the following) Boon-Kuo, L. (2018). Visible policing subjects and low visibility policing: Migration and race in Australia. In M. Bosworth, A. Parmar & Y. Vzquez (Eds.), Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control: Enforcing the Boundaries of Belonging (pp. 93-107). Oxford University Press. Updated 6 March 2024 13 Parmar, A. (2018). Policing belonging: Race and nation in the UK. In M. Bosworth, A. Parmar & Y. Vzquez (Eds.), Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control: Enforcing the Boundaries of Belonging (pp. 108-124). Oxford University Press

Required Readings (both of the following) McGuire, M.M. & Murdoch, D.J. (2022). (In)-justice: An exploration of the dehumanization, victimization, criminalization, and over-incarceration of Indigenous women in Canada. Punishment & Society, 24(4), 529-550. Ruston, J. (2022). Evolution of a life sentence. Journal of Prisoners on Prisons, 30(1), 64-76. https://uottawa.scholarsportal.info/ottawa/index.php/jpp/article/view/6223

Required Readings (both of the following) At Work Inside Our Detention Centres: A Guard's Story: http://tgm-serco.patarmstrong.net.au/ Bosworth, M. (2018). 'Working in this place turns you racist': Staff, Race, and Power in Detention. In M. Bosworth, A. Parmar & Y. Vzquez (Eds.), Race, Criminal Justice, and Migration Control: Enforcing the Boundaries of Belonging (pp. 214-228). Oxford University Press.

Required Readings (one of the following) Ham, J. (2017). Using legalities and illegalities in sex work. (Chapter 6). Sex Work, Immigration and Social Difference (pp. 101-130). Routledge. https://oculbu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01OCUL_BU/p5aakr/cdi_informaworld_taylorfranci sbooks_10_4324_9781315683799_14_version2 van der Meulen, E. & Durisin, E.M. (2008). Why decriminalize? How Canada's municipal and federal regulations increase sex workers' vulnerability. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 20(2), 289-311. https://oculbu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01OCUL_BU/p5aakr/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_ 37267411

Required Readings (one of the following) Lee, M. (2008). Policing Chinese migrant sex workers in Hong Kong. International Migration, 46(3), 95-119. Stumpf, J. (2006). The crimmigration crisis: Immigrants, crime and sovereign power. American University Law Review, 56(2), 367-419. bepress Legal Series Working Paper 1635, bepress Legal Repository. STUDENTS ARE ONLY REQUIRED TO READ THE SECTION 'IMMIGRATION AND CRIMINAL LAW CONVERGE' ON PAGES 379-395. https://oculbu.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01OCUL_BU/p5aakr/cdi_proquest_journals_22368 168