STATEMENT OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I agree to abide by the code of Academic Integrity during the final exam for PubH 6002. I pledge that the work contained in the final exam is my own and that during the final exam I used only the formula sheets distributed throughout the semester containing my own relevant hand-written notes, distribution tables (z-table, t-table, etc.), and a standard or scientific calculator. Student Signature:________________________________ Student Name (printed):___________________________ Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. Enter your answers here: 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. 2 Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. 1. The CDC in conjunction with the YMCA runs a Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). The DPP is a comprehensive program with a goal of 5-7% weight loss for program participants. Suppose there were 10 program participants in a sample with initial BMI and final BMI of each participant listed below. Find the p-value and determine whether there is a significant difference between the BMI before and after the intervention. Subject Before After Difference a. b. c. d. e. 2. 1 30.5 29.4 -1.1 2 35.3 34.8 -0.5 3 29.8 29.5 -0.3 4 34.5 33.6 -0.9 5 33.2 33.0 -0.2 6 32.9 31.0 -1.9 7 30.7 28.9 -1.8 8 28.6 27.9 -0.7 9 31.9 31.7 -0.2 10 37.8 35.0 -2.8 p-value > 0.05 so there is not a statistically significant difference 0.0005 < p-value < 0.005 so there is not a statistically significant difference p-value > 1.833 so there is a statistically significant difference 0.0005 < p-value < 0.005 so there is a statistically significant difference 0.005 < p-value < 0.05 so there is a statistically significant difference It is estimated that 50% to 75% of children develop significant fear and anxiety before surgery. Children's anxiety in the perioperative environment is associated with impaired postoperative behavioral and clinical recovery, including increased analgesic requirements and delayed discharge from the recovery unit. More than 50 years of research and experience support three key elements of the preparation process: (1) the provision of developmentally appropriate information; (2) the encouragement of questions and emotional expression; and (3) the formation of a trusting relationship with a health care professional. A recent systematic review of preparation effectiveness evidence concluded that children who were psychologically prepared for surgery experienced fewer negative symptoms than did children who did not receive formal preparation.1 Consider the following study in which pediatric patients undergoing surgery were provided with developmentally appropriate preparation and information prior to surgery. Twelve subjects were asked to self-rate their anxiety level prior to and after preparation on a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being the highest. The ratings are provided below. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean of the differences between the before and after ratings. Note that the standard deviation of the differences is 2.5746. A B C D E F G H I J K L 10 8 5 9 9 10 7 5 8 9 9 5 After 5 2 8 4 5 8 1 2 3 3 3 1 Difference 5 6 -3 5 4 2 6 3 5 6 6 4 Before a. (1.58, 9.75) b. (1.82, 4.37) c. (2.45, 5.72) 1 Brown C. and Chitkara M. B. (2014, May 1). Child Life Services. American Academy of Pediatrics, 133(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0556 3 Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. d. (2.63, 5.54) e. (2.86, 5.31) 3. Hemoglobin A1c serum levels are tested to see if an individual has an increased risk of developing diabetes. We can show that serum hemoglobin A1c is approximately normally distributed with mean 124 mg/dL and variance 1600 mg/dL. When hemoglobin A1c levels are over 140mg/dL, the individual is considered diabetic and requires treatment. What is the probability that a randomly selected individual has diabetes, i.e., a hemoglobin A1c level greater than 140mg/dL? a. b. c. d. e. 4. 0.1554 0.3446 0.4000 0.6554 0.2555 A young female semi-professional mountain biker wanted to put herself on a strict diet and workout regimen in preparation for her February 2016 downhill race. Over the course of January 2016, she weighed herself every morning at the same time, limited her caloric intake to 2000 calories and biked a total of 3 hours a day. Using the table and graph below, calculate and select the correct coefficient of determination. Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Morning Weigh-In 145.0 144.2 144.7 142.2 143.1 143.0 142.8 140.1 139.9 139.2 141.6 Day 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Morning Weigh-In 141.8 140.3 140.0 139.8 139.7 138.9 138.6 138.1 137.2 137.5 138.0 Day 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Morning Weigh-In 139.5 139.8 139.5 139.2 139.1 139.0 138.9 138.9 138.5 a. r = -0.80 b. r 2 = -0.80 c. r = 0.64 4 Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. d. r 2 = 0.64 e. The coefficient of determination is larger than 1. 5. Occupational exposure to an inorganic compound at a large plastics manufacturing plant may place employees at risk for developing a respiratory disease. You know that the incidence of respiratory disease in the total population is 45 per 100,000 person-years, but you decide to conduct a prospective cohort study at the plant to monitor the occurrence of this disease at the plant. Your study found the incidence of respiratory disease among employees exposed the inorganic compound to be 318 per 100,000 person-years and the incidence of respiratory disease among employees not exposed the inorganic compound to be 42 per 100,000 person-years. What is the relative risk of developing a respiratory disease associated with exposure to the inorganic compound? a. b. c. d. e. 6. You are working at the Neovax Corporation for your practicum in the MPH at GW, where you are now completing collecting data on the 2016 trial of the new Neovalent 2,3,5,7,9,11 pneumovax. You have obtained the following data: for the study, there were a total of 4316 subjects tested. The vaccine was administered to 3666 subjects, and 650 subjects received placebo. The data reveal that there were 526 cases of pneumonia, and of these, 166 were treated with the new vaccine. It also reveals that there were 3790 subjects who did not develop pneumonia, and of these, 3500 were treated with the vaccine. What is the odds ratio for developing pneumonia with the vaccine as opposed to receiving placebo? a. b. c. d. e. 7. 0.13 6.67 7.57 86.7 276 cases per 100,000 person-years 0.038 0.38 0.99 0.06 Cannot be calculated from the given data. Genetic factors contribute to a person's left or right-handedness. Handedness displays a complex inheritance pattern. For example, if both parents of a child are left-handed, there is a 26% chance of that child being left-handed. An investigator wishes to determine the relationship between left-handedness in a household and the outcome of their first-born child. Assume the handedness of each parent is independent. Suppose the probability of a mother being left-handed is 0.25 and the probability of the father being left-handed is 0.45. What is the probability that both father and mother are left-handed? a. b. c. d. e. 0.700 0.715 0.113 0.350 0.258 5 Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. 8. Protein spiking is a deceitful manufacturing process in which non-protein substances are used as fillers in testing protein powders. Manufacturers may then falsely label products to show they contain more grams of protein than they actually do. The mean protein content of 667 whey protein powders on the market is believed to be 30g per scoop. However, a sample of 121 whey protein powders tested had a mean of 28.28g per scoop and a standard deviation of 0.68. Using a 0.05 significance level, test the claim that the 667 whey powders on the market contain 30g of protein per scoop. What conclusion should you make based on your test results? a. Fail to reject H0. Consumers should trust manufacturers claim that whey protein powder contains 30g per scoop. b. Reject H0. Consumers should trust manufacturers claim that whey protein powders contain 30g per scoop. c. Fail to reject H0. Consumers should not trust manufacturers claim that whey protein powder contains 30g per scoop. d. Reject H0. Consumers should not trust manufacturers claim that whey protein powder contains 30g per scoop. e. Cannot be determined from the information given. 9. It has been hypothesized that the use of prenatal supplements leading up to pregnancy may reduce the risk of postpartum depression among women. To examine this hypothesis, researchers recruited 50 women who had recently given birth with post-partum depression and 450 women who had recently given birth without post-partum depression. All women were patrons of a local health clinic. Of the 500 women, 300 women reported having taken prenatal supplements leading up to their pregnancy. Approximately 93.33% of those who reported using supplements did not experience postpartum depression. You now want to test the claim that there is an association between the use of prenatal supplements leading up to pregnancy and postpartum depression. What is the value of the test statistic? Hint: Start by filling in the following table. Post-partum No Post-partum Depression Depression Total Supplement Use No Supplement Use Total a. b. c. d. e. 0.40 3.84 8.36 9.26 201.61 6 Final Exam Bonus Questions (1 point each) Choose one and only one answer. 10. Browne Clinical Research is conducting a study exploring the efficacy of wheat germ in pain reduction in people living with arthritis. The study team is in the recruitment phase and agree that they achieved the most successful recruitment results with email blasts as compared with radio and television advertisements with a previous study. They predict these results with this second study: 50% with email blasts, 35% with radio and 15% with television. Based on a 0.05 significance level, you want to test the claim that the observed frequencies presented below parallel the predicted distributions. What is the value of the test statistic? Observed Frequency a. 0.57 b. 0.95 c. 5.99 d. 63.99 e. 1000 Email Blast (EM) 375 Radio (RA) 425 Television (TV) 200 Total (n) 1000 7