STEP 3: H0 and H1

STEP 4: Critical t value (df)

STEP 5: sM and Test t

STEP 6: Decision re: H0

Before After D

7 10

6 13

9 12

5 8

6 10

Calculate the difference scores

D (After - Before) and MD.

Given SS = 12, calculate s2, s,

and sM. Test the hypothesis of

no change in scores ( = .05,

two-tailed), showing Steps 3-6.