Step through the following commands and investigate on how to use each of these commands to create a file, change permissions on that file, and perform other related tasks. Here$$s the revised step$-$by$-$step exercise:

$1.$ Create an Empty File

o The touch command is used to create an empty file.

o Example: Open a terminal and run the command touch newfile.txt

o Instruct students to replace "newfile.txt$"$ with the desired filename with their initials attached. Screenshot # $1$

$2.$ List Files and Directories

o The ls command is used to list files and directories in the current directory.

o Use the following commands to show a variety of information about files and directories. How do you tell a file from a directory? $\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$

o Try these examples: Screenshot # $2$

$$ ls $($list all files and directories$)$

$$ ls $-$l $($list in long format$)$

$$ ls $-$a $($list including hidden files$)$

$3.$ Display File Content

o The cat command is used to display the content of a file.

o An example: Run the command cat newfile.txt $($include your initials$)$

o Instruct students to observe that the file is empty. Screenshot # $3$

$4.$ Create a new user account using the useradd command:

o sudo useradd username $($Replace username with the desired username.$)$

o Set a password for the new user:

o sudo passwd username

o You$$ll be prompted to enter and confirm the password.

o Verify the user by running:

o id username

Screenshot # $4$

o This command will display the user$$s details, including the user ID $($UID$)$ and group ID $($GID$).$

$5.$ Change Group Ownership

o The chgrp command is used to change the group ownership of a file or directory.

$6.$ Change User Ownership

o The chown command is used to change the user ownership of a file or directory.

o An example: Run the command chown user$1$ newfile.txt $($replace user$1$ with your username$)$ Screenshot # $5$

o Instruct students to replace "user$1"$ with an actual username.

$7.$ Change File Permissions

o The chmod command is used to change file permissions $($read$,$ write, execute$).$

o Provide an example: Run the command chmod $644$ newfile.txt

o What does $644$ do$?($Look it up$)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_$

$8.$ Move or Rename the File

o The mv command is used to move or rename files and directories.

o Examples:

$$ Move the file to a different directory: mv newfile.txt $/$path$/$to$/$destination$/$

$$ Rename the file: mv newfile.txt renamedfile.txt Screenshot # $6$

$9.$ Copy the File

o Explain that cp is used to copy files and directories.

o Provide examples:

$$ Copy the file to a different directory: cp newfile.txt $/$path$/$to$/$destination$/$

$$ Copy the file with a new name: cp newfile.txt backup$\_$newfile.txt

Screenshot # $7$

Practice these commands in a terminal. If they have any more questions or need further assistance, feel free to ask! $$

Additional consideration in the Linux part of the course are answers to the following questions:

What is absolute and relative paths in Linux refer to$?$

How do you install updates to your Linux Distribution?

How do you use the $$help or $-$h option to learn about a command?