Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner, the authors of Freakonomics and Super

Freakonomics, distill the theme of their first book as, "People respond to

incentives, although not necessarily in ways that are predictable or manifest.

Therefore one of the most powerful laws in the universe is the law of unintended

consequences." Steven Kerr struck a similar theme in "On the folly of rewarding

A, while hoping for B." Which of the following were not offered as causes by

Kerr?

a. Fascination with "objective" criterion

b. Overemphasis on highly visible behaviors

c. Hypocrisy

d. Emphasis on morality or equity rather than efficiency

e. All were offered as possible causes