Study: Researchers are interested in seeing how defendant remorse impacts juror decisions in a medical malpractice case. They gave participants a trial transcript in which a physician misread a patient's electrocardiogram and misdiagnosed the patient with heartburn rather than a myocardial infarction. The doctor sent the patient (Greg) home, but Greg returned later in cardiac arrest, and he subsequently died. Greg's wife filed a wrongful death suit against the physician, seeking compensation for the loss of her husband. The court trial transcript contained testimony from the plaintiff (Greg's widow), the defendant (the doctor), and an expert witness. The transcript was identical across all conditions with the exception of the physician's level of remorse.

Remorse manipulation: In the control condition, the physician did not say anything indicating remorse. In the remorseless condition, he "indicated that he felt no remorse for his actions, and he vehemently continued to deny that the death was his fault." In the remorse condition, he "expressed remorse for the unfortunate death of Greg. He said he was very sorry that Greg had died, while neither admitting nor denying that Greg's death was his fault."

Measures: Participants first determined whether the defendant doctor was responsible for Greg's death (1 = Responsible, 2 = Not Responsible). They then completed a favorability rating of the defendant on 1 to 9 scale (1 = not at all favorable to 9 = very favorable).

Predictions: The researchers predicted that the participants would rate the remorseful defendant more favorably than both the control defendant and the remorseless defendant, but that jurors would also find the defendant more responsible for Greg's death when the defendant showed remorse compared to when he did not show remorse.

Using this study design, answer the following four questions:

1). What is the independent variable in this study, and how many levels are there to each?

A. IV: Remorse, with three levels (Control, Remorse, Remorseless)

B. IV: Damage aware amount with two levels (No money versus $2,000,000)

C. IV: Remorse, with two levels (Remorse, Remorseless)

D. IV: Liability, with two levels (the defendant was found liable versus not liable)

2). What is/are the dependent variable(s) in this study, and what scale of measurement are they based on (NOIR)?

A. DV #1: Remorsefulness: Nominal scale. - DV #2: Favorability: Ratio scale

B. DV #1: Responsibility: Interval scale. - DV #2: Favorability: Interval scale

C. DV #1: Responsibility: Nominal scale. - DV #2: Favorability: Interval scale

D. DV #1: Remorsefulness: Interval scale. - DV #2: Responsibility: Nominal scale.