Study the article. What inference can you draw from the application of sampling theory in the article?

A recent study posted to the medRxiv* preprint server investigated whether environmental samples could serve as early indicators for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in large communities. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has impacted public health, the global economy, societies, and cultures at an unprecedented level. Managing and controlling the pandemic has become challenging, further exacerbated by the evolution of the virus into newer variants and limited human testing, particularly among asymptomatic individuals. SARS-CoV-2 shreds into the ambient spaces (as aerosols) from the infected individuals as they travel from one place to another, and as such, viral genomic footprints are left in the environment that may survive for a few days up to several weeks. Contact with contaminated physical surfaces or aerosol inhalation is the primary route of contracting SARS-CoV-2. Quantifying such genomic footprints from the environmental samples, which is cost-effective and non-invasive, could be helpful in disease surveillance and to guide tailored management policies. The study In the present study, researchers quantified SARS-CoV-2 found in wastewater, surface, and air samples in a student dormitory at the University of Miami for three months in 2021 (March-May). The dormitory houses approximately 500 students with corresponding high traffic access and wastewater points. The wastewater drains from the dorm into a designated maintenance hole. The authors collected air, surface (elevator buttons, door bars, and handles), and wastewater samples between 8 9 AM on weekdays and 10 11 AM on weekends. Besides, the student community was randomly screened for COVID-19 twice or thrice a week in the study period. Wastewater samples (250 ml) were collected as grab or composite samples every day, and a sonde computed pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen. Air impactors connected with a vacuum pump were placed between two elevator doors to capture air samples from all floors. Surface samples were collected with a polyester swab by swabbing the high contact surfaces in a unidirectional scrapping motion. As an RNA recovery control, heat-inactivated HCoV-OC43 (human coronavirus) was added to all samples. The researchers employed a second-generation volcano quantitative polymerase chain reaction (V2G-qPCR) to quantify OC43 (recovery control) and the SARS-CoV-2 N3 gene. Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 and OC43 were expressed in genomic copies (gc) per surface area wiped, air, and wastewater volume. Findings- Between March 2 and May 25, 2021, about 445 environmental samples were obtained viz, 165 air-, 166 surface swab-, and 114 wastewater samples. Across all sample types, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 140 (31.5 %) samples on 78 days during the study period. The virus was detected in 50 air samples with a mean concentration of 14.8 gc/m3 and 19.9% of surface swab samples at 16.5 gc/m3. From the wastewater samples, the authors detected SARS-CoV-2 in 57 samples with a mean concentration of 1390 gc/L. The mean concentration of SARS-CoV-2 among wastewater samples (> than detection limit) was higher in composite samples than grab samples, but the difference remained statistically insignificant. The researchers aggregated surface swab and air samples (by day) and compared them against wastewater samples. On 36 out of 78 matched days, SARS-CoV-2 detection was consistent across all three sample types, while on many other days, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in air and surface swab samples but not in wastewater samples and vice versa. COVID-19 tests were conducted at an average of 2.3 students a day on 44 days in the study period. Positive cases were recorded on 11 days. During the 11 days when cases were clinically confirmed, SARS-CoV-2 was detected on six days in surface swab and air samples and seven days in wastewater samples. Air and surface swab samples were negative on five days and wastewater samples on four days when positive COVID-19 cases were detected in students. SARS-CoV-2 positive case prediction was 100% when a one-day moving average of any sample type was used, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in other sample types if one sample type failed. Conclusions In this study, the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in air, surface and wastewater samples suggested that viral genomic footprints could be traced in the ambient environment. In addition, the findings indicated that confirmed COVID-19 infections could be predicted a day before confirmation by detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the environmental samples in the dormitory. Notably, when SARS-CoV-2 is not detected in one sample type, other sample types compensated for the observed false negative, implying that sampling all three specimens could improve environmental surveillance efficacy. Consistent environmental sampling could guide timely and appropriate interventions to decrease viral transmission. *Important notice medRxiv publishes preliminary scientific reports that are not peer-reviewed and, therefore, should not be regarded as conclusive, guide clinical practice/health-related behavior, or treated as established