SUBJECT: PH 521 Biostatistics

RESEARCH QUESTION: Does vaping have greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking in college students, ages 18-24, who have smoked over a year?

By this week, you should have completed data collection on at least 30 participants who met the qualifications to complete the survey (e.g., at least 18 years or older, have other specific characteristics that make them a member of the population you intended to study). The data for your short survey should be entered into the Excel database that you created last week. With this data set, complete the following:

1. Calculate descriptive statistics for your main independent and other variables you have collected information on (example: demographic variables).
   1. Make a bar chart for the participants' gender and ethnicity.
   2. Make a histogram for participants' age.
2. Calculate descriptive statistics for your dependent variable.
3. Make a summary table of your descriptive statistics.
4. Hint: For categorical variables, you should be calculating frequencies and percentages; for continuous variables, you should be calculating means and standard deviations.
5. Use one hypothesis-testing statistic that examines the relationship between your independent variable and dependent variable.
6. Hint: This test should be one of the followingindependent samples t-test, paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, or Pearson's chi-squared test.
7. Write the null and alternate hypotheses.
8. What is the calculated statistic value?
9. What is the p and critical statistic value?
10. Is the p value significant? Is calculated statistic value greater than critical value?
11. What is your conclusion?

30 SURVEY PARTICIPANTS DATA:

1.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

2.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

3.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

4.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

5.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

6.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

7.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / Vaping is highly addictive

8.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / Both vape & cigarette bad for health

9.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

10.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping has more nicotine

11.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

12.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

13.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

14.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

15.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

16.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

17.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / No Answer

18.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / Both vape & cigarette bad for health

19.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

20.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping is more addicting

21.) b / a / b / c / b / c / b / a / a / No Answer

22.) d / a / a / b / a / a / a / b / a / No Answer

23.) b / a / a / c / b / b / b / a / a / No Answer

24.) a / b / b / b / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

25.) c / a / c / a / c / a / a / a / a / No Answer

26.) c / b / a / b / b / a / b / a / b / No Answer

27.) d / a / b / b / c / a / a / b / a / No Answer

28.) b / a / d / b/ b / a / b / a / c / No Answer

29.) a / a / c / a / b / a / b / a / a / No Answer

30.) c / b / d / c / b / b / b / a / a / Vaping contains more nicotine

Survey Questions:

1. What is your age?

a.) 18-19

b.) 20-21

c.) 22-23

d.) 24 or above

2. What is your gender?

a.) Male

b.) Female

c.) Non-binary

d.) Prefer not to say

3. What is your current college level?

a.) Freshman

b.) Sophomore

c.) Junior

d.) Senior

e.) Graduate student

4. How long have you been smoking?

a.) Less than a year

b.) 1-2 years

c.) 3-4 years

d.) 5 or more years

5. Do you currently smoke cigarettes or use e-cigarettes/vape?

a.) Cigarettes only

b.) E-cigarettes/vape only

c.) Both cigarettes and e-cigarettes/vape

d.) I do not smoke or use e-cigarettes/vape

6. How often do you smoke cigarettes or use e-cigarettes/vape?

a.) Daily

b.) A few times a week

c.) Occasionally

d.) Rarely

7. What is your preferred method of smoking or nicotine intake?

a.) Cigarettes

b.) E-cigarettes/vape

c.) Nicotine patch

d.) Nicotine gum

e.) Nicotine lozenge

f.) Other

8. Have you ever experienced any lung-related symptoms, such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness, after smoking or vaping?

a.) Yes

b.) No

If yes, please describe the symptoms you experienced and how often they occurred.

9. Do you believe that vaping has greater harmful effects on the lungs than cigarette smoking?

a.) Yes

b.) No

c.) Unsure

10. Please explain your answer to the previous question. (Open-ended question)