For each description of data, identify Who and What were investigated and the Population of interest.

1.

Honesty: Coffee stations in offices often just ask users to leave money in a tray to pay for their coffee, but many people cheat. Researchers at Newcastle University alternately taped two posters over the coffee station. During one week, it was a picture of flowers; during the other, it was a pair of staring eyes. They found that the average contribution was significantly higher when the eyes poster was up than when the flowers were there. Apparently, the mere feeling of being watchedeven by eyes that were not realwas enough to encourage people to behave more honestly. (Source: NY Times, Dec. 10, 2006)

(Exercises 2-9) For each description of data, identify the W's, name the variables, specify for each variable whether its use indicates that it should be treated as categorical or quantitative, and, for any quantitative variable, identify the units in which it was measured (or note that they were not provided).

2

Weighing bears :Because of the difficulty of weighing a bear in the woods, researchers caught and measured 54 bears, recording their weight, neck size, length, and sex. They hoped to find a way to estimate weight from the other, more easily determined quantities.

3

Arby's menu :A listing posted by the Arby's restaurant chain gives, for each of the sandwiches it sells, the type of meat in the sandwich, the number of calories, and the serving size in ounces. The data might be used to assess the nutritional value of the different sandwiches.

4

Babies: Medical researchers at a large city hospital investigating the impact of prenatal care on newborn health collected data from 882 births during 1998-2000. They kept track of the mother's age, the number of weeks the pregnancy lasted, the type of birth (cesarean, induced, natural), the level of prenatal care the mother had (none, minimal, adequate), the birth weight and sex of the baby, and whether the baby exhibited health problems (none, minor, major).

5

Herbal medicine :Scientists at a major pharmaceutical firm conducted an experiment to study the effectiveness of an herbal compound to treat the common cold. They exposed each patient to a cold virus, then gave them either the herbal compound or a sugar solution known to have no effect on colds. Several days later they assessed each patient's condition, using a cold severity scale ranging from 0 to 5. They found no evidence of benefits of the compound.

6

Vineyards: Business analysts hoping to provide information helpful to American grape growers compiled these data about vineyards: size (acres), number of years in existence, state, varieties of grapes grown, average case price, gross sales, and percent profit.

7

Streams: In performing research for an ecology class, students at a college in upstate New York collect data on streams each year. They record a number of biological, chemical, and physical variables, including the stream name, the substrate of the stream (limestone, shale, or mixed), the acidity of the water (pH), the temperature (C), and the BCI (a numerical measure of biological diversity).

8

Refrigerators:In 2013, Consumer Reports published an article evaluating refrigerators. It listed 353 models, giving the brand, cost, size (cu ft), type (such as top freezer), estimated annual energy cost, an overall rating (good, excellent, etc.), and the repair history for that brand (percentage requiring repairs over the past 5 years).

9

Kentucky Derby 2014 :The Kentucky Derby is a horse race that has been run every year since 1875 at Churchill Downs, Louisville, Kentucky. The race started as a 1.5-mile race, but in 1896, it was shortened to 1.25 miles because experts felt that 3-year-old horses shouldn't run such a long race that early in the season. (It has been run in May every year but one1901when it took place on April 29). Here are the data for the first four and several recent races.

Year	Winner	Jockey	Trainer	Owner	Time
2013	Orb.	J. Rosario	S. McGaughey	Stuart Janney & Phipps Stable	2:02.89
2012-	I'll Have Another-	M. Gutierrez-	D. O'Neill -	Reddam Racing -	2:01.83
2011 -	Animal Kingdom -	J. Velazquez -	H. G. Motion -	Team Valor -	2:02.04
2010 -	Super Saver -	C. Borel -	T. Pletcher -	WinStar Farm -	2:04.45
2009 -	Mine That Bird -	C. Borel -	B. Woolley -	Double Eagle Ranch -	2:02.66
2008 -	Big Brown -	K. Desormeaux -	R. Dutrow -	IEAH Stables, Pompa et al -	2:01.82
........
1878 -	Day Star -	J. Carter -	L. Paul -		T. J. Nichols -
1877 -	Baden Baden -	W. Walker -	E. Brown -	Daniel Swigert -	2:38
1876 -	Vagrant -	R. Swim -	J. Williams -	William Astor -	2:38.25
1875 -	Aristides -	O. Lewis -	A. Williams -	H. P. McGrath -	2:37.75
Source: Excerpt from HorseHats.com. Published by Thoroughbred Promotions.